• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.3-33
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• 2020

Until recently the German and the South Korean medical associations reacted cautiously to the introduction of telemedicine between doctor and patient which is exclusively on the platform conducted. But the General Assembly of German Physicians voted to lift the ban on remote treatment with the amendment to Section 7 (4) MBO-Ä(Medical Association's Professional Code of Conduct) in 2018 and the situation has been fundamentally changed in Germany. From then until now 16 of 17 rural medical associations have changed their professional code to allow telemedicine. In addition the legislature started to prepare the basis for the introduction of the electronic health card (eGK) and the telematics infrastructure. So far, various laws such as Medicinal Products Act, Drug Advertisement Act and Social Code have been changed to support legalization of telemedicine and digitalization of health care. Unlike in Germany, the social circumstances such as excessive centralization of the big hospitals in Seoul and the resulting concern of small medical practices for profitability are the main obstacles to the introduction of telemedicine. However the German approach how to legalise the telemedicine and to prepare for legal and technical infrastructure is also interesting in South Korea. The discussions for and against the changes in the law and the telematics infrastructure attempted by the German government for several years indicate that not only lifting the ban on remote treatment, but also harmonization of all the related legal system could guarantee successful implementation of telemedicine.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.533-542
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• 2010

The $PM_{10}$ concentrations in the underground should be monitored for the health of commuters on the underground subway system. Seoul Metro and Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation are measuring several air pollutants regularly. As for the measurement of $PM_{10}$ concentrations, instruments based on $\beta$-ray absorption method and gravimetric methods are being used. But the instruments using gravimetric method give us 20-hour-average data and the $\beta$-ray instruments can measure the $PM_{10}$ concentration every one hour. In order to keep the $PM_{10}$ concentrations under a healthy condition, the air quality of the underground platform and tunnels should be monitored and controlled continuously. The $PM_{10}$ instruments using light scattering method can measure the $PM_{10}$ concentrations every less than one minute. However, the reliability of the instruments using light scattering method is still not proved. The purpose of this work is to study the reliability of the instruments using light scattering method to measure the $PM_{10}$ concentrations continuously in the underground platforms. One instrument using $\beta$-ray absorption method and two different instruments using light scattering method (LSM1, LSM2) were placed at the platform of the Jegi station of Seoul metro line Number 1 for 10 days. The correlation between the $\beta$-ray instrument and the LSM2 ($r^2$=0.732) was higher than that between the $\beta$-ray instrument and the LSM1 ($r^2$=0.393). Thus the LSM2 was chosen for further analysis. Three different regression analysis methods were tested: Linear regression analysis, Nonlinear regression analysis and Orthogonal regression analysis. When the instruments using light scattering method were used, the data measured these instruments have to be converted to actual $PM_{10}$ concentrations using some factors. With these analyses, the factors could be calculated successfully as linear and nonlinear forms with respect to the data. And the orthogonal regression analysis was performed better than the ordinary least squares method by 28.45% reduction of RMSE. These findings propose that the instruments using light scattering method light scattering method can be used to measure and control the $PM_{10}$ concentrations of the underground subway stations.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.28-38
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• 2009

In this study, a remote air quality monitoring system for underground spaces was developed by using NDIR-based CO$_2$ sensor. And the remote monitoring system based on wireless sensor networks was installed practically on the subway station platform. More than 6.5 million citizens commutate everyday by the Seoul subway transportation that is the most typical public transportation. They concern about air quality with increasing interest on public health or many workers in subway stations or underground shopping centers. Recently, the Korean Ministry of Environment has operated the air quality monitoring system in some subway stations for testing phase. However, it showed many defects which are large-scale, high-cost and maintenance of precision sensors imported from abroad. Therefore this research includes the reliability test and a theoretical study about the inexpensive commercialized CO$_2$ sensor for reliable measurement of air quality which changes rapidly by the surrounding environments. And then we develop the wireless sensor nodes and the gateway applied for remote air quality monitoring. In addition, web server program was realized to manage air quality in the subway platform. This result will be valuable for a basic research for air quality management in underground spaces for future study.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.138-142
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate how light touch with a finger affects balance ability when a posture is maintained in the condition of visual information blockage and to provide a fundamental material for developing balance ability in the process of rehabilitation treatment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study subjects were 17 healthy men and women in their twenties and thirties who were studying at S University in Seoul. The system was comprised of an equilateral triangular force platform. Subjects were asked to step on the foot position of the force platform (Good Balance, Finland) barefooted for 30 seconds, with eyes closed, hands hanging down loosely, and feet comfortably apart. It was connected to a laptop by using Bluetooth technology. An experiment was conducted in the following three circumstances: 1) no-touch trial, 2) light touch to the back (T7 area), and 3) light touch to the middle finger of the left hand. Each subject was given a 10-minute break between consecutive measurements. The experimental circumstances were performed randomly. Anteroposterior sway (APSV), mediolateral sway velocity (MLSV), and velocity moment (VM) were measured. Results: The APSVs (mm/s) were $9.32{\pm}3.37$ and $5.45{\pm}2.98$; the MLSVs (mm/s), $6.39{\pm}3.35$ and $3.31{\pm}2.48$; and VM ($mm^2/s$), $17.13{\pm}11.75$ and $6.76{\pm}8.31$ in the first and second experimental circumstances, respectively. APSV, MLSV, and VM values were significantly improved with the 1) no-touch trial and 2) light touch to the back trail conditions compared with the 3) light touch to the middle finger of the left hand condition (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study revealed that the balance ability for maintaining a body posture was influenced more by light touch to the back (T7) than by light touch with the sensitive fingertip and body sway diminished after visual information was blocked.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2011

This study aimed to determine the effects of the blockage of visual feedback on joint dynamics of the lower extremity. Fifteen healthy male subjects(age: $24.1{\pm}2.3\;yr$, height: $178.7{\pm}5.2\;cm$, weight: $73.6{\pm}6.6\;kg$) participated in this study. Each subject performed single-legged landing from a 45 cm-platform with the eyes open or closed. During the landing performance, three-dimensional kinematics of the lower extremity and ground reaction force(GRF) were recorded using a 8 infrared camera motion analysis system (Vicon MX-F20, Oxford Metric Ltd, Oxford, UK) with a force platform(ORG-6, AMTI, Watertown, MA). The results showed that at 50 ms prior to foot contact and at the time of foot contact, ankle plantar-flexion angle was smaller(p<.05) but the knee joint valgus and the hip flexion angles were greater with the eyes closed as compared to with the eyes open(p<.05). An increase in anterior GRF was observed during single-legged landing with the eyes closed as compared to with the eyes open(p<.05). Time to peak GRF in the medial, vertical and posterior directions occurred significantly earlier when the eyes were closed as compared to when the eyes were open(p<.05). Landing with the eyes closed resulted in a higher peak vertical loading rate(p<.05). In addition, the shock-absorbing power decreased at the ankle joint(p<.05) but increased at the hip joints when landing with the eyes closed(p<.05). When the eyes were closed, landing could be characterized by a less plantarflexed ankle joint and more flexed hip joint, with a faster time to peak GRF. These results imply that subjects are able to adapt the control of landing to different feedback conditions. Therefore, we suggest that training programs be introduced to reduce these injury risk factors.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.225-228
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• 2006

Purpose: Accurate clinical evaluation of the alignment of the calcaneus relative to the tibia in the coronal plane is essential in the evaluation and treatment of hindfoot pathologic condition. Previously described standard anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographic methods of the foot or ankle do not demonstrate alignment of the tibia relation to the calcaneus in the coronal plane. The purpose of this study was to introduce hindfoot coronal alignment view. Material : 1) Both feet were imaged simultaneously on an elevated, radiolucent foot stand equipment. 2) Both feet stood on a radiolucent platform with equal weight on both feet. 3) Both feet are located foot axis longitudinal perpendicular to the platform. 4) Silhouette tracing around both feet are made, and line is then drawn to bisect the silhouette of the second toe and the outline of the heel. 5) The x-ray beam is angled down approximately $15^{\circ} to $20^{\circ} Result : 1) This image described tibial axis and medial, lateral tuberosity of calcaneus. 2) Calcaneus do not rotated. 3) The view is showed by talotibial joint space. Conclusion: Although computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging techniques are capable of demonstrating coronal hindfoot alignment, they lack usefulness in most clinical situations because the foot is imaged in a non-weight bearing position. But hindfoot coronal alignment view is obtained for evaluating position changing of inversion, eversion of the hindfoot and varus, valgus deformity of calcaneus.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.275-285
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to empirically identify the process of technology acceptance of the metaverse, a virtual world-based platform that has attracted attention due to the 4th industrial revolution and the COVID-19 pandemic. The technology acceptance model (TAM) was used to identify factors affecting the use of the metaverse platforms and to analyze the causal relationship among these factors. For research, a survey was conducted on ordinary adult men and women and was analyzed using a structural equation model. The study found that perceived pleasure, interactivity, self-efficacy, and social influence had a positive effect on perceived ease-of-use. Interactivity and social influence had a statistically significant effect on perceived usefulness. The relationship between perceived ease-of-use and perceived usefulness was not statistically significant, but both perceived ease-of-use and perceived usefulness had a significant effect on positively forming attitudes toward metaverse. Lastly, favorable attitudes toward the metaverse platform had a positive effect on the intention to continue using it. Through this study, it was possible to identify the factors affecting the intention to use the metaverse and to confirm the causal relationship between the factors. A deeper understanding of users may be obtained in future if the research subject can be expanded and investigated with various factors.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.421-428
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• 2019

This study includes services that require six professional guides - health care, exhibition performance, restaurant, shopping, business and daily life - as well as a trip-based tour, along with solving existing problems that may occur on domestic and overseas trips, and proposes services that connect users with proven professional guides. As a result of previous research, the most needed services among overseas travel were air tickets, accommodation, transportation, and guides, but as Korea enters an aging society, professional guide services are expected to increase daily demand. Based on this, the service technology, user scenarios and brand development were presented. This Service Proposal provides users with a personalized guide to knowledge or experience that they have not previously known, providing them with a wealth of experience. In addition, guides can help develop new fields of expertise and help improve professional guides' capabilities. Finally, the platform service is meaningful in that it enables the creation of jobs by enabling everyone to engage in economic activities, as it allows users to provide services through their own capabilities while at the same time being convenient for them.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2022

Purpose: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we conducted a Delphi survey that included the experts from the field of COVID-19 immunization in children aged 5-11 years. The aim was to organize collective expert opinions on COVID-19 vaccination in young children in the Republic of Korea, and so thus assist the vaccination policy. Methods: The panels included pediatric infectious disease specialists, preventive medicine experts, infectious disease physicians, and COVID-19 vaccine experts consulting the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The Delphi survey was conducted online using a questionnaire from February 14 to February 27, 2022. Results: The Delphi panels agreed that children were vulnerable to COVID-19, and the severity of illness was modest. Furthermore the panels reported that children with chronic illness were more susceptible to a worsening clinical course. There were generally positive opinions on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in children aged 5-11 years, and experts gathered a slightly positive opinion that the adverse events of pediatric COVID-19 were not numerous. The benefits of COVID-19 vaccination were evaluated at a level similar to the potential risks in children. Currently, the only approved mRNA platform vaccine in children seemed to be sustainable; however, the recombinant protein platform COVID-19 vaccines were evaluated as better options. Conclusions: Due to the surge of the Omicron variant and an increase in pediatric cases, the COVID-19 vaccination in young children may have to be considered. Panels had neutral opinions regarding the COVID-19 vaccination in children aged 5-11 years. Thus monitoring of the epidemiology and the data about the safety of COVID-19 vaccination should be continued.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.209-220
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• 2022

With the worldwide spread of African swine fever, interest in livestock epidemics has increased. Livestock transport vehicles are the main cause of the spread of livestock epidemics, but there are no empirical quarantine procedures and standards related to the mobility of livestock transport vehicles in South Korea. This study extracted the trajectory of livestock-related vehicles using the facility-visit history data from the Korea Animal Health Integrated System and the DTG (Digital Tachograph) data from the Korea Transportation Safety Authority. The results are presented as exposure indices aggregating the link-time occupancy of each vehicle. As a result, 274,519 livestock-related vehicle trajectories were extracted, and the exposure values by link and zone were derived quantitatively. This study highlights the need for prior monitoring of livestock transport vehicles and the establishment of post-disaster prevention policies.