• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.501-509
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• 2021

In 2018, total 263 micro and emerging contaminants were selected as target substances by the Ministry of Environment, and 80 of them were first-class substance including endocrine disruptors, residual Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs), residual organic pollutants, pesticides and heavy metals. In this study, in order to evaluate the Hazard Quotient (HQ) of the 80 types in the domestic water environment the concentration of discharged effluent and nearby water environment reported by Korean institutes since 2010 was investigated. There were 45 substances reported to be detected, and Measurement Environment Concentration (MEC) were obtained by collectively converting them into water environment concentration. For biotoxicity, half maximal Effective Dose (EC50) to Daphnia magna, a water fleas species widely adopted in Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) was applied. As for the biotoxicity level, the Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC) was obtained by applying the Assessment Factor (AF) and the HQ was derived by dividing it from the MEC. As a result of calculating the HQ, more than 1 substances were Cabamazepine, Mefenamic acid, Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, Nonylphenol, Nickel, Erythromycin, Acetylslic acid, etc. Meanwhile, perfluorinated compounds were identified as hazardous substances in the water env ironment, with 5 out of 14 species included in the 20 ranks of first-class substance.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.227-237
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was investigated the characteristics of small-scale water works (SWW) in Gyeongnam area and conduct a health risk assessment of water-quality inspection items unfitted for water-quality standards (WQS). Methods: The characteristics of SWW in Gyeongnam province were analyzed using the data of SWW in the last three years (2014~2016) published in National Waterworks Information System. In addition, the health risk assessment for inspection items unfitted for WQS was carried out in four steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Results: The total number of SWW in Gyeongnam area was gradually decreased from 2014 to 2016. In addition, drinking water sources of SWW were in the order of ground water, valley water, spring water, surface water, and river-bed water. The number of points unfitted for WQS in SWW by year was 22, 45, and 18 in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively, and a total of 112 points were found to unfit for WQS in SWW during 2014~2016. The hazard quotient (HQ) for fluoride, nitrate nitrogen, boron in the unfitted points for WQS was more than 1.0, and the mean values for turbidity and color in points unfitted for WQS were 2.38 nephelometric turbidity unit and 16.25 color unit, respectively. Conclusions: The HQ for fluorine, nitrate nitrogen and boron was more than 1.0 in points unfitted for WQS among SWW in Gyeongnam area, and the turbidity and the color degree exceeded WQS, which mean that there is a possibility of harmful impacts on the human health.

• 지질공학
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.437-448
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• 2022

위해성 평가란 위험 물질에 대해 인체 건강에 대한 위협을 계산하는 것으로 발암성 평가와 비발암성 평가로 나뉜다. 본 연구는 경남 한 농촌 지역의 비소 오염 지하수를 생활용수, 음용수로 사용할 경우 인체에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 연구를 위해 국가지하수정보센터의 지하수 수질 자료를 이용하였다. 자료에 따르면 연구지역인 농촌 지역의 지하수는 평균 비소 농도가 16.27 ㎍/L로 세계보건기구가 제시한 비소 농도(10 ㎍/L)보다 높게 나타난다. 이에 따라 건강 위해가 있을 것이라고 판단하여 미국환경청에서 제시한 방법을 이용하여 위해성 평가를 수행하였다. 세 가지 노출 시나리오(생활용으로 이용하는 시나리오 1과 음용으로 이용하지만 사용량이 다른 시나리오 2와 3)를 작성하여 비소 노출에 대한 경우를 통해 위해성을 계산하였다. 시나리오 1에서의 HQ의 중앙값은 0.77, CR의 중앙값은 0.013을 보이며 시나리오 2에서는 HQ의 중앙값은 0.08, CR의 중앙값은 3.69 × 10^-5로 나타났다. 시나리오 3은 HQ의 중앙값은 0.11, CR은 4.82 × 10^-5였다. 인체에 잠재적 위험성이 가장 높게 나타난 것은 시나리오 1로 나타났다. 지하수 내의 비소 기원을 자세히 밝힐 필요가 있으며 지하수 이용 시 정화할 수 있는 대책 마련이 필요하다.

• 지질공학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.295-306
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• 2009

본 연구는 지하수, 토양, 대기의 노출경로에 따라서 부산광역시 사상공단의 지하수와 토양이 인체와 환경에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 토양과 대기의 노출경로에 따른 발암 위해는 나타나지 않았으나, 지하수에서는 TCE와 PCE의 발암 위해성이 각각의 기준 한계값인 1.0E-6과 1.0E-5에 대해서 각각 6.7E-6과 1.0E-5로 나타나 발암 위해가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 대기에서는 비발암성 위해가 나타나지 않았다. 토양의 위해계수와 위해지수는 각각 3.4E-5와 5E-5로서 기준 한계값(1.0) 보다 낮게 나타났으나, 지하수의 위해계수와 위해지수는 각각 0.7 (위해성이 없음)과 1.4(위해성이 있음)로 나타났다. TCE의 최소성분감소비(CRF)는 2.5로서 TCE의 정화작업이 요구된다. 18개의 노출인자에 대한 민감도 분석 결과, 8개의 노출 인자(비 발암 물질에 대한 평균 수명, 발암 물질에 대한 평균 수명, 체중, 노출기간, 노출빈도, 피부노출빈도, 토양 섭취율, 물 섭취율)의 변화에 따라서 위해도가 변화하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.432-436
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• 2004

The principle and methodology of risk assessment was applied to establish the quality standard of potential impurities of drinking water treatment chemicals. The impurities(arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, etc.) are regulated as the contained quantity of chemicals in Korea while they are regulated as the quality standard with the idea of 10% of the national safety drinking water standard in U.S.A(NSF) and Japan(JWWA). According to risk assessment of the current standard implemented in Korea, the excess cancer risk of arsenic and lead were determined in around $10^{-5}$ and the hazard quotient(HQ) of cadmium and chromium were below $10^{-2}$, respectively. And the standard concentration of the impurities are regulated as much as 2%~6% of the national drinking water quality standard. The values are more enforced rather than the standards in U.S.A(NSF) and Japan(JWWA) regulating the concentration of impurities the 10% of the national drinking water quality standard. We conclude that the impurities standard of drinking water treatment chemicals should be reconsidered comprehensively concerning the national safety drinking water quality standard and risk assessment.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.380-392
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• 2021

어린 학생들에 대한 HQ (Hazard Quotient) 기반으로 학교교실 실내 공기질 지수 (IAQI-S)를 개발하였다. IAQI-S는 PM₁₀, PM_2.5, CO₂를 포함하며, IAQI-S의 기준농도는 지정된 HQ값을 통해 산출하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 IAQI-S를 이용하여 2017년 11월부터 2020년 12월까지 실시간으로 측정한 전국 46개 학교 123개 학급을 평가해보았다. 종합지수 평가 결과, PM₁₀의 93.1%, PM_2.5의 94%가 '좋음'과 '보통' 등급에 포함되었다. 8시간 예측 이동 평균을 기반으로 한 IAQI-S는 CAI(Comprehensive Air-quality Index) 및 외국에서 발표되었던 IAQI와 비교하였다. IAQI-S는 CO₂를 포함하며 대기질지수 (CAI)에 비해 더 엄격한 수준으로 구성되어 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.196-203
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess environmental risk on the emerging contaminants of concern, such as ivermetin, parziquantel, tamiflu and triclosan. Furthermore, we tried to provide a more efficient management practice and a basis for future studies of risk assessment on those substances. Methods: Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) and predicted environmental concentration (PEC) were determined through modeling and literature reviews. Environmental risk assessment was evaluated by calculating HQ (hazard quotient) by a comparison of PEC (or measured environmental concentration (MEC)) and PNEC. Results: HQ value of tamiflu calculated from MEC was 1.9E-03. For ivermectin and triclosan, the HQ values were not available because these were not detected in the aquatic environment. The toxicity of ivermectin and triclosan showed a very low value, indicating a high level of HQ. However, praziquantel can be categorized into the material that do not require management since they have less than HQ 1. Conclusion: Based on the results of the initial risk assessment, it is assumed that the ivermectin and triclosan have potential to cause direct adverse effects on the aquatic environment. To conduct an accurate environmental risk assessment, the further study on PEC estimation of such contaminants should be actively carried out.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2007

국내 5개 폐광산 지역의 갱내수 및 배출수에 대해 화학적 분석 및 생물학적인 독성 평가를 통한 생태 위해성 평가를 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 선정한 9가지 중금속의 화학적 분석 결과, 거의 모든 지점에서 높은 중금속 농도가 검출되었으며, 특히 송천, 낙동, 덕음 지역에서는 상대적으로 비소가 높게 검출되었고, 낙동 지역은 하류까지 전체적으로 각 항목의 중금속이 높은 농도로 존재하였다. 통합 방류수 독성 평가(WET)에 기초해 Vibrio fisheri, Selenastrum capricornutum, Daphnia magna를 이용한 생물학적 독성 평가 결과, 모든 지점에서 높은 독성이 나타났다. 유출수가 처음 흐르는 갱구에서 가장 높은 독성이 나타났으며, S. capricornutum에 대한 독성이 모든 지점에 걸쳐 $1.3\sim32.0$ TU 사이의 독성이 나타나 독성 민감도가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 각각의 독성 평가 종에 따른 독성 미감도 차이는 폐광사의 위해성을 평가함에 있어 두 종 이상의 평가 종이 사용되어야 함을 의미한다. HQ(Hazard Quotient) 개념을 적용한 생태 위해성 평가 결과, 폐광산에서 분석된 대부분의 중금속에 대해 HQ 값이 1보다 훨씬 크게 나타났으므로, 폐광산의 중금속에 대한 영향은 심각한 정도의 위해도를 가지고 있다고 판단된다. 한편, 생물학적 독성은 유하 거리의 증가에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 폐광산의 복원이나 생태 위해성 평가 시 지점별로 희석률뿐 아니라 DOM, 경도 등 환경인자들이 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2012

Objectives: This study developed a harmonized method for risk assessment based on the Hazard & Risk Evaluation of Chemicals (HREC) according to the Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA). Methods: Three preliminary studies, performed during 2010 and 2011 by the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute and three academic research groups, were compared. The differences in risk assessment, especially in the dose-response assessment method, were analyzed. A new harmonized method for dose-response assessment was suggested and its applicability for the HREC was examined. Results: Considering the various steps of each dose-response assessment, the equivalent steps in quantitative correction, uncertainty factor 2 (UF2) for intra-species uncertainty, and UF3 for the experimental period in the uncertainty correction were relatively high. Using our new method, the total correction values (quantitative correction plus uncertainty correction) ranged from 72~15,789 to 30~60, and the ratio of the threshold limit value (TLV) to the reference concentration decreased from 12.8~1900 to 5.4~11.8. Furthermore, when we performed risk characterization by our new method, hazard quotient (HQ) values for chloroethylene, epichlorohydrin, and barium sulfate became 3.0, 14.1, and 1.13 respectively, whereas three previous studies reported HQ values of 7.1, 4580, and 87.3 considering reasonable maximum exposure (RME) conditions. HQs of the three chemicals were calculated to be 0.6, 2.4, and 0.1 respectively, when compared to their TLVs. Conclusions: Our new method could be applicable for the HREC because the total correction values and the ratio of TLVs were within reasonable ranges. It is also recommended that additional risk management measures be applied for epichlorohydrin, for which the HQ values were greater than 1 when compared with both reference values and the TLV. Our proposed method could be used to harmonize dose-response assessment methods for the implementation of risk assessment based on the HREC according to ISHA.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.38-47
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• 2011

This study focused on health risk assessment via multi-routes of As exposure to establish a target cleanup level (TCL) in abandoned mines. Soil, ground water, and rice samples were collected near ten abandoned mines in November 2009. The As contaminations measured in all samples were used for determining the probabilistic health risk by Monte-Carlo simulation techniques. The human exposure to As compound was attributed to ground water ingestion. Cancer risk probability (R) via ground water and rice intake exceeded the acceptable risk range of $10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-4}$ in all selected mines. In particular, the MB mine showed the higher R value than other mines. The non-carcinogenic effects, estimated by comparing the average As exposure with corresponding reference dose were determined by hazard quotient (HQ) values, which were less than 1.0 via ground water and rice intake in SD, NS, and MB mines. This implied that the non-carcinogenic toxic effects, due to this exposure pathway had a greater possibility to occur than those in other mines. Besides, hazard index (HI) values, representing overall toxic effects by summed the HQ values were also greater than 1.0 in SD, NS, JA, and IA mines. This revealed that non-carcinogenic toxic effects were generally occurred. The As contaminants in all selected mines exceeded the TCL values for target cancer risk ($10^{-6}$) through ground water ingestion and rice intake. However, the As level in soil was greater than TCL value for target cancer risk via inadvertent soil ingestion pathway, except for KK mine. In TCL values for target hazard quotient (THQ), the As contaminants in soil did not exceed such TCL value. On the contrary, the As levels in ground water and polished rice in SD, NS, IA, and MB mines were also beyond the TCL values via ground water and rice intake. This study concluded that the health risks through ground water and rice intake were greater than those though soil inadvertent ingestion and dermal contact. In addition, it suggests that the abandoned mines to exceed the risk-based TCL values are carefully necessary to monitor for soil remediation.