• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.324-343
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of the risk communication of the food service industry on consumers' psychological response and attitude. The result is as follows. First, as for the relation between risk communication and information reliance, when the recognition of risk communication stability gets higher, information reliance rose; when the recognition of risk gets higher, information reliance rose with higher recognition of morality. Second, as for the relation between risk communication and risk recognition, when the recognition of risk communication stability gets higher, risk recognition rose; when the recognition of risk gets higher, risk recognition rose with higher recognition of environment and the information reliance rose with higher recognition of morality. Third, as for the relation between the information reliance of risk communication and risk recognition, when the information reliance of risk communication gets higher, risk recognition rose.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.164-168
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• 2004

Purpose: The most feared complication of gastrointestinal tract operations is anastomotic leakage, not only because of the presumed individual surgeon's culpability but also because of the assumption that this event is often fatal. We have experienced 32 cases of anastomotic leakage after elective gastric resection during 8 years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the result of their treatment. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the records of 1335 patients who had undergone elective gastric resection for an adenocarcinoma of stomach from January 1995 to October 2003 and conducted a retrospective, multivariate analysis. Results: Of the 1335 patients, 32 ($2.4\%$) sustained an anastomotic leakage. Anastomotic leakages usually developed on mean postoperative day $9.1\pm3.2$ (range:$1\∼18$ days).Overall, $31.3\%$ (10/32) of patients who sustained an anastomotic leakage died. The anastomotic leakages were identifed by radiological study or by operative finding at the site of the duodenal stump (20 patients), the esophagojejunostomy (7), the gastroduodenostomy (4), and the gastrojejunostomy (1). Fourteen patients ($43.8\%$) underwent a relaparotomy, a drainage procedure in the main, and 18 patients ($56.3\%$) were treated conservatively. The mortality rates were $42.9\%$ (6/14) and $22.2\%$ (4/18), respectively, but this difference was not statistically significant. A cox's proportional hazard analysis showed that a body-mass Index < 24 kg/m2 (odds ratio 5.55, $95\%$ CI: $0.69\∼44.82$) and non-enteral feeding (odds ratio 18.27, $95\%$ CI 2.22.150.69) were independent factors of mortality due to anastomotic leakage. Conclusion: Our observations show that anastomotic leakage after an elective gastric resection has a high risk of being fatal. Moreover, for a patient with a body-mass index lower than $24\;kg/m^{2}$ and/or non-enteral feeding, an anastomotic leakage after an elective gastric resection has a higher risk of being fatal.

• Survey Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.81-101
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• 2010

The purposes of the present study were to investigate the effects of individual, family, and school factors on the onset of adolescents' violence behaviors. For these goals, we applied discrete-time survival analysis to the Korean Youth Panel Survey. According to the estimated hazard function, the likelihood of onset of adolescents' violence behavior was low during elementary school years and increasing sharply from middle school years. Results showed that gender, self-esteem, aggressiveness, broken home, parental abuse, and the number of delinquent friends were significant determinants of the onset of adolescents' violence behaviors. Findings from this study suggest the need to focus on the significant determinants and consider various prevention programs.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.243-250
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• 2016

Objectives: Many studies have examined histopathological factors and various prognostic scores related to inflammation to predict outcomes. Here, we examined the prognostic value of the C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/alb) ratio in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 40 patients with OSCC. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we focused on the correlation of the CRP/alb ratio with clinicopathological characteristics and with overall survival. We then compared five inflammation-based prognostic scores, CRP/alb ratio, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: The optimal cut-off value for the CRP/alb ratio was 0.085. The group with a high CRP/alb ratio had a high TNM clinical stage (P=0.002) and larger primary tumors (P=0.029), with statistically significant differences in lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. In addition, when the CRP/alb ratio was high, multivariate analysis showed a lower survival rate (P=0.002; hazard ratio=6.078), and the ROC curve showed more outstanding discriminatory ability regarding overall survival compared to other inflammation-based prognostic scores. Conclusion: The CRP/alb ratio can be an independent prognostic factor when predicting prognosis in OSCC and has good prognostic ability.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.663-674
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• 2015

Many seismically vulnerable regions in India and worldwide are located on deep soil deposits which extend to several hundred meters of depth. It has been well recognized that the earthquake shaking is altered by geological conditions at the location of building. As seismic waves propagates through uppermost layers of soil and rock, these layers serve as filter and they can increase the duration and amplitude of earthquake motion within narrow frequency bands. The amplification of these waves is largely controlled by mechanical properties of these layers, which are function of their stiffness and damping. Stiffness and damping are further influenced by soil type and thickness. In the current study, an attempt has been made to study the seismic site response of deep soils. Three hypothetical homogeneous soil models (e.g., soft soil, medium soil and hard soil) lying on bedrock are considered. Depth of half space is varied from 30 m to 2,000 m in this study. Controlled synthetic motions are used as input base motion. One dimensional equivalent linear ground response analyses are carried out using a computer package DEEPSOIL. Conventional approach of analysing up to 30 m depth has been found to be inadequate for deep soil sites. PGA values are observed to be higher for deeper soil profiles as compared to shallow soil profiles indicating that deeper soil profiles are more prone to liquefaction and other related seismic hazards under earthquake ground shaking. The study recommends to deal the deeper soil sections more carefully for estimating the amplification factors for seismic hazard assessment at the surface.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.557-566
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• 2019

The evaluation of the seismic hazard for a given site is to estimate the seismic ground motion at the surface. This is the result of the combination of the action of the seismic source, which generates seismic waves, the propagation of these waves between the source and the site, and site local conditions. The aim of this work is to evaluate the sensitivity of dynamic response of extended structures to spatial variable ground motions (SVGM). All factors of spatial variability of ground motion are considered, especially local site effect. In this paper, a method is presented to simulate spatially varying earthquake ground motions. The scheme for generating spatially varying ground motions is established for spatial locations on the ground surface with varying site conditions. In this proposed method, two steps are necessary. Firstly, the base rock motions are assumed to have the same intensity and are modelled with a filtered Tajimi-Kanai power spectral density function. An empirical coherency loss model is used to define spatial variable seismic ground motions at the base rock. In the second step, power spectral density function of ground motion on surface is derived by considering site amplification effect based on the one dimensional seismic wave propagation theory. Several dynamics analysis of a curved viaduct to various cases of spatially varying seismic ground motions are performed. For comparison, responses to uniform ground motion, to spatial ground motions without considering local site effect, to spatial ground motions with considering coherency loss, phase delay and local site effects are also calculated. The results showed that the generated seismic signals are strongly conditioned by the local site effect. In the same sense, the dynamic response of the viaduct is very sensitive of the variation of local geological conditions of the site. The effect of neglecting local site effect in dynamic analysis gives rise to a significant underestimation of the seismic demand of the structure.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.4077-4080
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• 2015

The chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been widely used in diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there is no current consensus on the impact of CXCR4 on CRC patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological importance of CXCR4 in CRC patients. Databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane library, CBM and EMBASE updated to 2014 were searched to include eligible articles. We analysed correlations between CXCR4 expression and clinicopathological features and overall survival (OS). A total of 1, 055 CRC patients from twelve studies were included in the study. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) which indicated CXCR4 expression was likely to be associated with TNM stage (OR=0.43, CI=0.34-0.55, P<0.00001), lymph node status (OR=2.23, CI=1.23-4.05, P=0.008) and vascular invasion (OR=2.21, CI=1.11-4.39, P=0.02). Poor overall survival of CRC cancer was found to be significantly related to CXCR4 overexpression (hazard ratio (HR) 1.36 CI=1.17-1.59, P<0.0001), whereas combined ORs revealed that CXCR4 expression had no correlation with gender or differentiation. Based on the published studies, CXCR4 overexpression in patients w ith CRC indicates poor survival outcome and clinicopathological factors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.3923-3926
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• 2015

Background: Lung cancer is a fatal malignancy with high mortality and short survival time. The aim of this study was to estimate survival rates of Iranian patients with lung cancer and its associate predictive factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 355 patients admitted to hospitals of West Azerbaijan in the year 2007. The patients were followed up by phone calls until the end of June 2014. The survival rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test for comparison. The Cox's proportional hazard model was used to investigate the effect of various variables on patient survival time, including age, sex, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance, smoking status, tumor type, tumor stage, treatment, metastasis, and blood hemoglobin concentration. Results: Of the 355 patients under study, 240 died and 115 were censored. The mean and median survival time of patients was 13 and 4.8 months, respectively. According to the results of Kaplan-Meier method, 1, 2, and 3 years survival rates were 39%, 18%, and 0.07%, respectively. Based on Cox regression analysis, the risk of death was associated with ECOG group V (1.83, 95% CI: 1 Conclusions: The survival time of the patients with lung cancer is very short. While early diagnosis may improve the life expectancy effective treatment is not available.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.605-613
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• 2007

In order to overcome the difficulties of quantitative risk analysis such as complexity of model, we propose a systematic methodology for risk quantification of railway system which consists of 6 steps: The identification of risk factors, the determination of major scenarios for each risk factor by using event tree, the development of supplementary fault trees for evaluating branch probabilities, the evaluation of event probabilities, the quantification of risk, and the analysis in consideration of accident situation. In this study, in order to address the feasibility of the propose methodology, this framework is applied to the prototype risk model of nation-wide railway level crossings. And the quantification result based on the data of 2005 in Korea will also be presented.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.49-65
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• 2008

The single-item question of self-assessed health status has consistently been reported to be associated with mortality in some developed countries, even after controlling for a wide range of health measurements and known risk factors for. mortality. It was intended in this study to find out whether or not such a relationship would also be valid in Korea. This study examined the effect of point of reference year on. the, predictive validity of self-assessed health for mortality in 6-year follow-up period. we need to test the validity of the self-assessed health, as an indicator for assessing health status using Cox's proportional hazard model. For the analysis, we used the data from the 2nd (1999) to the 7th survey of "Korean Labor and Income Panel Study," and assessed relative risk of death based on subjective health state by tracing 11,366 people who replied to the question of self-assessed health state in the 2nd year. According to the result, those who reported poor self assessed health state in the 2nd year showed a relatively high death rate, and their relative risk of death was significantly higher. Such a relationship was accentuated if the predictive value of the 2nd survey result would be replaced by the average of the cumulative data on the past six years. Thus, it can be concluded that self-assessed health state is valid as an index for assessing Korean people's health status.