• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제81권4호
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• pp.513-522
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• 2022

Steel-concrete composite segments replacing the conventional reinforced concrete segments can provide the rectangular shield tunnel superiorities on bearing capacity, ductility and economy. A simplified model with high-efficiency on computation is proposed for investigating the nonlinear response of the rectangular tunnel lining composed of composite segments. The simulation model is developed by an assembly of nonlinear fiber beam elements and spring elements to express the transfer mechanism of forces through components of composite segments, and radial joints. The simulation is conducted with the considerations of material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity associated with the whole loading process. The validity of the model is evaluated through comparison of the proposed nonlinear simulation with results obtained from the full-scale test of the segmental tunnel lining. Furthermore, a parameter study is conducted by means of the simplified model. The results show that the stiffness of the radial joint at haunch of the ling and the thickness of inner steel plate of segments have remarkable influence on the behaviour of the lining.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2017

1994년 노스리지 지진 당시 발생한 용접모멘트 접합부의 취성파괴는 주로 보 하부 플랜지에서 발생하였다. 특히 국내 기존 용접철골모멘트 접합부의 경우 과다한 전단스터드 배치에 따른 의도치 않은 합성작용로 인해 지진 내습 시 보 하부 플랜지의 취성파단이 더욱 우려되는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 합성효과로 인한 접합부 성능저하를 개선하기 위한 목적으로 중량전단탭/수평헌치/삼각헌치로 보강된 접합부 및 RBS가 도입된 접합부에 대한 실험을 실시하였다. 통상 기존 접합부 상부 플랜지의 수정이 불가하다는 점을 고려하여, 본 연구에서는 보 하부 플랜지에만 수평/삼각헌치를 보강하거나 RBS를 도입하여 이 때의 내진성능을 평가하였다. 실물대 실험 결과 수평/삼각헌치 혹은 중량전단탭으로 보강한 실험체는 모두 합성작용으로 인한 부작용을 극복하고 특수모멘트접합부가 요구하는 수준 이상의 소성회전각 5%이상을 발현함을 확인하였다. 또한 SRC 기둥에 RBS를 도입할 경우 접합부에 소요되는 변형의 대부분을 RBS측에서 일어나도록 유도함으로써 SRC기둥에 발생하는 손상을 방지하는 효과가 있음을 규명하였다. 이 중 중량전단탭 보강에 따른 접합부의 거동을 분석하기 위하여 추가의 수치해석 연구를 실시하였으며, 제시한 각각의 보강안에 대한 권장상세를 제시하였다.

• 복식
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.96-107
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• 2012

In ancient times, immigrants from Baekje wore various kinds of costumes that provided technological and aesthetic guidance for the Japanese costume, which has been modified and changed in Japan. The clothing and ornaments were strongly influenced directly by costumes of the Baekje period; therefore, many of the Japanese costumes at that time were crafted in the Baekje style. Through the antique records, paintings of tombs and bequests, we were able to find similarities between Baekje and Japan costumes in these categories: clothes, headgear, belt hooks and belt plaques, bronze shoes, and ornaments. (1) Clothes : They wore high-shaped hat and jacket and trousers(;袴) tied the bottom. (2) Headgear : There was a gilt bronze Conical Cap attached to the long tube with terminals in the shape of a hemisphere. (3) Belt hooks and belt plaques: There were horse-shaped belt hooks in mane styles and a checkered pattern on the lower part of the haunch and a belt Plaque shaped like the face of an animal. (4) Gilt bronze shoes: They were made with the style that had two side plates fixed in the instep side and heel-side. (5) Ornaments : They were made with flower-shaped plaques and spiral-shaped decorations. One earring was made with a three-winged pendent that were connected in a chain style and the others were in unique forms that were made by connecting narrow rings and a heart-shaped pendent.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.93-114
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• 2011

Flange and web local buckling in beam plastic hinge regions of steel moment frames can prevent beam-column connections from achieving adequate plastic rotations under earthquake-induced forces. This threat is especially valid for existing steel moment frame buildings with beams that lack adequate flange/web slenderness ratios. As the use of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have increased in strengthening and repair of steel members in recent years, using FRPs in stabilizing local instabilities have also attracted attention. Previous computational studies have shown that longitudinally oriented glass FRP (GFRP) strips may serve to moderately brace beam flanges against the occurrence of local buckling during plastic hinging. An experimental study was conducted at Izmir Institute of Technology investigating the effects of GFRP reinforcement on local buckling behavior of existing steel I-beams with flange slenderness ratios (FSR) exceeding the slenderness limits set forth in current seismic design specifications and modified by a bottom flange triangular welded haunch. Four European HE400AA steel beams with a depth/width ratio of 1.26 and FSR of 11.4 were cyclically loaded up to 4% rotation in a cantilever beam test set-up. Both bare beams and beams with GFRP sheets were tested in order to investigate the contribution of GFRP sheets in mitigating local flange buckling. Different configurations of GFRP sheets were considered. The tests have shown that GFRP reinforcement can moderately mitigate inelastic flange local buckling.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.203-216
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• 2016

To study the stress concentration factors (SCFs) of concrete-filled tubular Y-joints subject to in-plane bending, experiments were used to investigate the hot spot stress distribution along the intersection between chord and brace. Three concrete-filled tubular chords forming Y-joints were tested with different reinforcing components, including doubler-plate, sleeve, and haunch-plate reinforcement. In addition, an unreinforced joint was also tested for comparison. Test results indicate that the three different forms of reinforcement effectively reduce the peak SCFs compared with the unreinforced joint. The current research suggests that the linear extrapolation method can be used for chords, whereas the quadratic extrapolation method must be used for braces. The SCF is effectively reduced and more evenly distributed when the value of the axial compression ratio in the chord is increased. Furthermore, the SCFs obtained from the test results were compared to predictions from some well-established SCF equations. Generally, the predictions from those equations are very consistent for braces, but very conservative for concrete-filled chords.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.787-796
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• 2015

When the temperature of a structure varies, there is a tendency to produce changes in the shape of the structure. The resulting actions may be of considerable importance in the analysis of the structures having non-prismatic members. The computation of design forces for the non-prismatic beams having symmetrical parabolic haunches (NBSPH) is fairly difficult because of the parabolic change of the cross section. Due to their non-prismatic geometrical configuration, their assessment, particularly the computation of fixed-end horizontal forces and fixed-end moments becomes a complex problem. In this study, the efficiency of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) in predicting the design forces and the design moments of the NBSPH due to temperature changes was investigated. Previously obtained finite element analyses results in the literature were used to train and test the ANN and ANFIS models. The performances of the different models were evaluated by comparing the corresponding values of mean squared errors (MSE) and decisive coefficients ($R^2$). In addition to this, the comparison of ANN and ANFIS with traditional methods was made by setting up Linear-regression (LR) model.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제74권2호
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• pp.243-254
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• 2020

Devastating RC structural failures in the past have identified that the behavior of beam-column joints is more critical and significantly governs the global structural response under seismic loading. The congestion of reinforcement at the beam-column joints with other constructional difficulties has escalated the attention required for strengthening RC beam-column joints. In this context, numerous studies have been carried out in the past, which mainly focused on jacketing the joints with different materials. However, there is no comparative study of different approaches used to strengthen RC beam-column joints, from efficiency and cost perspective. This paper presents a detailed investigation carried out to study the various strengthening schemes of exterior RC beam-column joints, viz., steel fiber reinforcement, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening, steel haunch strengthening, and confining joint reinforcement. The effectiveness of each scheme was evaluated experimentally. These specimens were tested under horizontal loading that produced opening moments on the joints and their behavior was studied with emphasis on strength, displacement ductility, stiffness, and failure mechanism. Special attention was given to the study of crack-width.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권2호
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• pp.207-224
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• 2022

The mechanical behavior of prestressed concrete haunched beams (PSHBs) was investigated in depth using a finite element modeling technique in this study. The efficiency of finite element modeling was investigated in the first stage by taking into account a previous study from the literature. The first stage's findings suggested that finite element modeling might be preferable for modeling PSHBs. In the second stage of the research, a comprehensive parametric study was carried out to determine the effect of each parameter on PSHB load capacity, including haunch angle, prestress level, compressive strength, tensile reinforcement ratio, and shear span to depth ratio. PSHBs and prestressed concrete rectangular beams (PSRBs) were also compared in terms of capacity. Stochastic analysis was used in the third stage to define the uncertainty in PSHB capacity by taking into account uncertainty in geometric and material parameters. Standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and the most appropriate probability density function (PDF) were proposed as a result of the analysis to define the randomness of capacity of PSHBs. In the study's final section, a new equation was proposed for using symbolic regression to predict the load capacity of PSHBs and PSRBs. The equation's statistical results show that it can be used to calculate the capacity of PSHBs and PSRBs.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 모멘트 접합 골조에서 각형강관 기둥-H 형강 보 접합부의 내진성능평가이다. 각형강관은 H형강에 비해서 효율적이고 많은 장점이 있음에도 불구하고, 아직 접합 디테일의 부족과 경험 부족 등의 이유로 현장에서 적용이 제한적이다. 각형강관을 사용한 기존의 모멘트 접합부는 주로 관통형 다이아프램 형식을 사용하고 있는데 이는 시공과정이 복잡하여 현장에서의 적용을 어렵게 한다. 그러므로 이 연구에서는 각형강관 기둥을 절단하지 않는 접합상세에 대하여 구조성능 및 내진성능을 평가하고자 하였다. 엔드플레이트와 헌치를 이용한 용접접합의 접합상세에 대하여 내력 및 강성, 에너지흡수능력을 비교분석하였다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제9권2호통권42호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2005

용접 철골 모멘트접합부는 일반적으로 평면유지의 가정을 전제한 초등휨이론에 의해 설계되어 왔다. 그러나 1994년 노스리지 지진 이후 보-기둥 접합부의 설계에 초등휨이론을 적용하는 것은 타당치 않음이 몇몇 연구자에 의해 제기된 바가 있다. 본 연구에서는 필자의 최근 해석 및 실험연구를 주 근거로 하여 다양한 형식의 접합부의 응력전달 메커니즘을 재평가하고, 거의 모든 용접 모멘트접합부의 설계에 초등휨이론을 적용하는 것이 부적절함을 보이고자 하였다. 보의 웨브, 수평헌치의 웨브, 리브 등과 같은 수직 플레이트 접합요소는 모두 스트럿 작용에 의해 응력을 전달하는 유사성이 있음을 해석적, 실험적으로 확인하였다. 또한 최근 가장 큰 주목을 받고 있는 고연성 RBS 접합부의 전단력 응력전달 메커니즘은 PN형식 접합부의 그것과 크게 다르지 않음을 확인하였다. 아울러 접합부 설계에 유용하게 활용될 수 있는 단순화된 해석적 응력전달 모형을 소개하였다.