• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of delayed harvest of Miscanthus on its biomass yield and growth characteristics. The trial was conducted at a 5-year-old demonstration field, using Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 and Miscanthus ${\times}$ giganteus. Harvesting was carried out using a mower, baler, and bale picker driven by a 5-ton tractor. Harvesting dates were the $1^{st}$, $10^{th}$, and $17^{th}$ of April, which respectively corresponded with the first, mid, and last emerging dates of new shoots. The sequential changes in stem number due to delayed harvesting were investigated on April $29^{th}$, May $27^{th}$, July $22^{nd}$, and October $30^{th}$, which corresponded to the juvenile, mid, luxuriant, and senescence stem stages, respectively. Soil penetration resistance, biomass yield, and growth characteristics were investigated on October $30^{th}$. There was no difference in soil penetration resistance at a depth of 10 cm, but it increased at a depth of 20 cm in proportion to the delayed harvesting time. The sequential change in stem number due to delayed harvesting was greater in M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 than in M. ${\times}$ giganteus. In M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1, which was harvested on the last emerging date of new shoots, the stem number was $169/m^2$ in the mid stage but decreased to $70/m^2$ in the luxuriant stage. The diameter of newly developed rhizomes, stem height, and biomass yield decreased in the two Miscanthus species due to delayed harvesting. The ratio of Miscanthus headings, which is a critical characteristic for landscape use, also decreased due to delayed harvesting. Heading of M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 was not observed in plots harvested on the mid and last emerging dates of new shoots.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to find the effects of a $GA_3$ and thidiazuron (TDZ) on seedless rate, harvest time, fruit cracking and fruit quality in 'Kyoho' grapes over two years from 2008 to 2009. In 2008, fruit clusters were dip treated with $GA_3$ $25.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ twice at full bloom (FB) and 14 days after full bloom (DAFB) in a combination with TDZ 0 or $2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Berry seedless rate and berry enlargement were slightly improved only when TDZ was added to the second $GA_3$ treatment at 14 DAFB, compared to $GA_3$ + TDZ treatments at both FB and 14 DAFB. However, berry cracking rate was significantly increased by any plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments compared to non treatment. In 2009, $GA_3$ at $12.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $25.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was dip treated twice at FB and 14 DAFB while TDZ $2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was treated only at 14 DAFB. Berry cracking rate was depended on the concentration of $GA_3$ applied. The higher concentration at $25.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ significantly increased berry cracking rate while the lower concentration at $12.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ had no effect. Also, the addition of TDZ to $GA_3$ $25.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at 14 DAFB, substantially decreased the cracking rate to the level of untreated control. Although all PGR treatments advanced fruit maturity, the most significant advance occurred when TDZ was added to $GA_3$ $12.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ only at the second dip. Considering the overall aspects related to fruit maturity and quality, we concluded that the double applications of $12.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$ at FB and 14 DAFB with addition of $2.5mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ TDZ only at 14 DAFB was appropriate to produce about 400-500 g size of seedless 'Kyoho' grape cluster having 35-40 berries.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of eight Kimchi cabbage cultivars and the effect of cold storage on the quality of two kinds of cabbage cultivars, such as 'CR-Nongshim', and 'Ryouckgwang'. Early planted and harvested cultivars at July showed that fresh weight was lower than late harvested cultivars at September, because early harvesting time of July was heavy rainy season at highlands of Gangwon province. The firmness was more than 10 N for all cultivars and 'Cheongock', 'Sanjanggoon', and 'Ryouckgwang' cultivars had high value of firmness among them. No differences among the cultivars were found in appearance, freshness, and texture evaluations at harvest. Sweetness and bitterness had statistical differences and showed high value in 'Ryouckgwang' and in 'CR-Nongshim' and 'Sooho'. Two Kimchi cabbage cultivars such as 'CR-Nongshim' and 'Ryouckgwang' were stored at $0^{\circ}C$, $2^{\circ}C$, $5^{\circ}C$, and room temperature ($25^{\circ}C$) with more than 90% RH. Significant difference was found in weight loss during room and low temperature storage. In general, weight loss of the Kimchi cabbages at room temperature was significantly increased by 15% within 3 days, whereas it was delayed at low temperature until 3 weeks on all Kimchi cabbage cultivars. Firmness of 'CR-Nongshim' was higher than 'Ryouckgwang' but there was no difference within low storage temperatures. Appearance among the sensory factors was a critical indicator to estimate storage periods. On the point of appearance, storage period at $0^{\circ}C$ was 1 week and $2^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$ was 3 weeks and 1 week in 'CR-Nongshim' cultivar, respectively. The storage period of 'Ryouckgwang' cultivar was 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 2 weeks, respectively. Conclusively, storage at $2^{\circ}C$ with more than 90% RH was recommended as optimum temperature to maintain quality in both cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 1983

The object of this study was to investigate the distribution of Cd fractions in paddy soils in relation to some soil characteristics and to find out the relationships between soil Cd fractions and Cd content in brown rice. Thirty six soils and rice samples were collected from the paddy field adjacent to zinc mining sites at harvest time in 1981. Total Cd content of brown rice samples was analyzed. A sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate Cd in soils into the designated forms of exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bonded, carbonate, sulfide, and residual Cd. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The distribution of Cd fractions in soil showed a wide difference depending on soil properties. As an average value it was observed that organically bonded Cd amounted 43.7%; residual Cd, 6.5%; and other fractions, 10-15%. 2. With higher soil pH, organically bonded and carbonate Cd fraction tended to be higher but exchangeable fraction lower. Other forms of Cd showed no difference with soil reaction. 3. Organically bonded fraction was positively correlated with soil organic matter content, while others except adsorbed fraction showed an adverse tendency. 4. The relation of fraction distribution to soil C E C was similar to the case of organic matter. 5. Cadmium content in brown rice showed significant possitive correlation with organically bonded Cd content (r = 0.655) and carbonate, Cd content of soil (r = 0.328) but there was no significant correlation with contents of other forms.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2018

In this study, we analyze the growth environment using smart farm technology in order to develop the optimal growth model for the precision cultivation of the bottle-grown oyster mushroom 'Suhan'. Experimental farmers used $88m^2$ of bed area, 2 rows and 5 columns of shelf shape, 5 hp refrigerator, 100T of sandwich panel for insulation, 2 ultrasonic humidifiers, 12 kW of heating, and 5,000 bottles for cultivation. Data on parameters such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and illumination, which directly affect mushroom growth, were collected from the environmental sensor part installed at the oyster mushroom cultivator and analyzed. It was found that the initial temperature at the time of granulation was $22^{\circ}C$ after the scraping, and the mushroom was produced and maintained at about $25^{\circ}C$ until the bottle was flipped. On fruiting body formation, mushrooms were harvested while maintaining the temperature between $13^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. Humidity was approximately 100% throughout the growth stage. Carbon dioxide concentration gradually increased until 3 days after the beginning of cultivation, and then increased rapidly to approximately 2,600 ppm. From the 6th day, $CO_2$ concentration was gradually decreased through ventilation and maintained at 1,000 ppm during the harvest. Light was not provided at the initial stage of oyster mushroom cultivation. On the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ day, mushrooms were irradiated by 17 lux light. Subsequently, the light intensity was increased to 115-120 lux as the growth progressed. Fruiting body characteristics of 'Suhan' cultivated in a farmhouse were as follows: Pileus diameter was 30.9 mm and thickness was 4.5 mm; stipe thickness was 11.0 mm and length was 76.0 mm; stipe and pileus hardness was 0.8 g/mm and 2.8 g/mm, respectively; L values of the stipe and pileus were 79.9 and 52.3, respectively. The fruiting body yield was 160.2 g/850 ml, and the individual weight was 12.8 g/10 unit.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2007

Angiogenesis is a essential part for bone formation and bone fracture healing. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the most important molecules among many angiogenic factors, is a specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells. VEGF-mediated angiogenesis is required for bone formation and repair. However, the effect of VEGF on osteoblastic cells during osteogenesis is still controversial. In recent days, substantial progress have been made toward developing tissue-engineered alternatives to autologous bone grafting for maxillofacial bony defects. Periosteum has received considerable interest as a better source of adult stem cells. Periosteum has the advantage of easy harvest and contains various cell types and progenitor cells that are able to differentiate into a several mesenchymal lineages, including bone. Several studies have reported the bone formation potential of periosteal cells, however, the correlation between VEGF signaling and cultured human periosteal cell-derived osteogenesis has not been fully investigated yet. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between VEGF signaling and cultured human periosteal-derived cells osteogenesis. Periosteal tissues of $5\;{\times}\;20\;mm$ were obtained from mandible during surgical extraction of lower impacted third molar from 3 patients. Periosteal-derived cells were introduced into the cell culture and were subcultured once they reached confluence. After passage 3, the periosteal-derived cells were further cultured for 42 days in an osteogenic inductive culture medium containing dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and ${\beta}-glycerophosphate$. We evaluated the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the expression of Runx2 and VEGF, alizarin red S staining, and the quantification of osteocalcin and VEGF secretion in the periosteal-derived cells. The ALP activity increased rapidly up to day 14, followed by decrease in activity to day 35. Runx2 was expressed strongly at day 7, followed by decreased expression at day 14, and its expression was not observed thereafter. Both VEGF 165 and VEGF 121 were expressed strongly at day 35 and 42 of culture, particularly during the later stages of differentiation. Alizarin red S-positive nodules were first observed on day 14 and then increased in number during the entire culture period. Osteocalcin and VEGF were first detected in the culture medium on day 14, and their levels increased thereafter in a time-dependent manner. These results suggest that VEGF secretion from cultured human periosteal-derived cells increases along with mineralization process of the extracellular matrix. The level of VEGF secretion from periosteal-derived cells might depend on the extent of osteoblastic differentiation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.339-349
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• 2010

The uses of the polypropylene bulk bags having the loading capacities more than 500 kg are increasing in Korea recently as a storage container for rough rice. This study was performed to obtain the basic information on the changes of temperature and relative humidity in the bulk-bag-stored high moisture rough rice during waiting for drying. At the moisture content more than 22% on wet weight basis of paddy, the bulk-bag inside temperature rose up to more than $40^{\circ}C$ and then slid down during storage. For example, in case of Hwaseongbyeo, 26.5% moisture content of rough rice (MCRR) harvested at 46 days after heading (DAH) showed $54.5^{\circ}C$ of peak temperature at 66.8 hours after bulk-bag loading, 22.5% MCRR harvested at 52 DAH exhibited $42.0^{\circ}C$ at 81.1 hours, and 19.7% MCRR harvested at 55 DAH displayed $38.9^{\circ}C$ at 119.0 hours. There were a good linear relationship between peak temperatures of bulk-bag inside and moisture contents of paddy ($r^2$=0.89 in 2005, and 0.87 in 2006), while the slope and intercept of the linear regression equation was affected by the environmental conditions such as ambient temperatures and microbial flora. The peak temperatures increased with the rate of about $2.74-3.33^{\circ}C$ per every 1% increase of moisture content at higher moisture contents of paddy than 19%. The relative humidity varied depending on bulk-bag inside temperature and rough rice moisture content, and showed the range of 94.2% to 99.9% in the central point of the bulk-bag. The results suggested that a rapid drying treatment as soon as possible was needed to produce a good quality of rice when the paddy of high moisture more than 22% on wet basis was harvested in a bulk-bag especially at high ambient temperature.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2015

Italian ryegrass is generally cultivated by a winter forage in a paddy field, the harvest season overlaps with rice transplantion in some cases. In addition, farmers can miss the optimal seedtime for Italian ryegrass because of the rainy season. Therefore, this research was conducted between October 2012 and June 2013 in Kwangjin, Korea to examine the effect of spring-seeding on the yields and quality of Italian ryegrass for the determination of an alternative if the optimal seedtime is missed. This trial consists of four different seeding dates (15 February, 25 February, 5 March, and 15 March) and three varieties (Kowinmaster, Kowinearly, and Green farm). The Italian ryegrass varieties "Kowinmaster," "Kowinearly," and "Green farm" were sown on February 15. The heading date of each variety showed from May 12 to May 9 and interval time of five days but the Treatment of March 15 planting date showed three days interval. The Kowinmaster variety, planted on February 15, was 93.0 cm taller on March 15 with a height of 105.7 cm. The Kowinearly and Green farm varieties planted on February 15 were of a similar height on February 25 and received a poor lodging score when planted quickly. The dry matter (DM) yield of the Kowinearly planted on February 15 was high but that of Green farm was low at 6,609 kg/ha and a difference was not shown between the varieties. The DM yield was different for those varieties planted on February 15 and March 15 (P<0.05). The crude protein content (CPC) of those varieties planted on February 15 showed an average of 8.8%, while those that were planted on March 15 showed an average that was about 2.3% higher at 11.1%; furthermore, the latter also showed lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents, by 2.1% and 1.5%, respectively. The relative feed value was about 5.9% higher, depending on the seeding date, as well as being slower and showing less difference between the varieties. According to this study, Italian ryegrass planted in a paddy field of the southern region of Korea on February 25 will produce a high-quantity yield with nutritive value.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2006

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of types of crate and season on transport condition and mortality, and ultimately to identify the best practice for reducing economic lose. Total loading weight stocking density, transport and lairage times and mortality were surveyed from the management data sheet of two companies for each first week of January, April, August and October, An average loading weight, length of transport and lairage times and mortality were 3.9 ton, 96 min, 478 min and 0.6%, respectively. Mortality after lairage was not significant between two types of crate. In addition, container type crate showed higher loading weight and stocking density than box type one. Spring and winter had significantly higher mortality with 0.7 and 0.8%, respectively, then summer and fell of 0.5%. An interaction between crate type and season on mortality showed that mortality for box type on was higher in spring and winter with 0.8 and 0.7%, respectively, compared to summer and fall of 0,3 and 0.4% respectively. In the case of container type crate, spring, fall and winter had greatly different death into with 0.7, 0.5 and 0.8%, respectively, while there was no difference between spring and summer, and between summer and winter, Mortality after transportation was similar between both crate type, with higher rate for spring and winder than other seasons. The result was likely related to death of exposure due to extended waiting time without heating facility.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2003

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperial Law and keeping the Law by Koreans were almost impossible, therefore, about one third adult violated the Law and were put into jail. And they were treated like animals.