• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.651-659
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• 2003

A new method was proposed to control Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) by a biosurfactant sophorolipid. The effect of sophorolipid on the growth, motility, precipitation, and recovery of algal cells was investigated for four common HAB species, Scripsiella trochoidea, Prorocentrum minimum, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and Heterosigma akashiwo. The motility and growth of algal cells were inhibited significantly at the concentration of 20 and 5 mg/l sophorolipid, respectively, and no recovery was observed under the above concentrations. The concentration of 20 mg/l sophorolipid was considered to be an effective concentration for the mitigation of HABs. A sedimentation test suggested that the maximum precipitation occurred at the end of 1 h, and the algicidal effect of sophorolipid was observed by a microscope. Comparative study showed that sophorolipid had marked algicidal capability. Analysis on biodegradability, toxicity, and cost effectiveness further demonstrated the potential of sophorolipid in future HABs mitigation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.160-163
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• 2003

Mortality of several species of fish and shellfish exposed to Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Heterosigam akashiwo, Alexandrium tamarense, Eutreptiella gymnastica, Heterocapsa triquetra and Prorocentrum micans was studied. When fish were exposed to a cell density of 8,000 cells $mL^{-1}$ in C. polykrikoides, $35\%$ of flatfish and darkbanded rockfish died within 48 hrs. However, jacopever rockfish had mortality of higher than $85\%$. Rock bream, filefish and red sea bream showed $100\%$ mortality within 10 hrs with an exposure cell density of 8,000 cells $mL^{-1}$. The rest of HABs except for C. polykrikoides showed that there was no fish and shellfish death throughout the 48 hrs even in the maximum cell density of 100,000 cells $mL^{-1}$ These results imply that C. polykrikoides can have a serious impact on fish mortality and it is regarded as an ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate. The fish death may be attributed to anoxia caused by a combination of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and polysaccharide from C. polykrikoides during blooms.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.95-100
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• 2006

Measurements of ocean color from space since 1970s provided vital information with reference to physical and biogeochemical properties of the oceanic waters. The utility of these data has been explored in order to map and monitor highly toxic/or harmful algal blooms (HABs) that affected most of coastal waters throughout the world due to accelerated eutrophication from human activities and certain oceanic processes. However, the global atmospheric correction and bio-optical algorithms developed for oceanic waters were found to yield false information about the HABs in coastal waters. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential use of red tide index (RI) method, which has been developed by Ahn and Shanmugam (2005), for mapping of HABs in Korean and neighboring waters. Here we employed the SSMM to remove the atmospheric effect in the SeaWiFS image data and the achieved indices by RI method were found more appropriate in correctly identifying potential areas of the encountered HABs in Korean South Sea (KSS) and Chinese coastal waters during 1999-2004. But the existence of high absorbing and scattering materials greatly interfered with the standard OC4 algorithm which falsely identified red tides in these waters. In comparison with other methods, the RI approach for the early detection of HABs can provide state managers with accurate identification of the extent and location of these blooms as a management tool.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2008

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Cochlodinium polykrikoides frequently occur around the South Sea of Korea, causing. economic losses in coastal breeding grounds. HAB outbreak scale usually changes each year depending on physical, biological and environmental conditions. Relatively large-scale HABs occurred in 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2003 with respect to spatial scale, duration and maximum density. Considering HAB scale and temperature distributions around the South Sea, we found that low coastal temperatures in August correspond to enormous HAB outbreaks. Cold waters created by coastal upwellings around the southeastern coast of Korea also corresponded to these outbreaks. Serial oceanographic investigations in August in the South Sea revealed that sea surface temperature anomalies had distinctively negative values when large-scale HAB outbreaks appeared. With regard to temperature differences between the surface and the 30-m layer, there was a tendency for large-scale outbreaks when temperature gradients around the seasonal thermocline weakened.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2013

The toxic, Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) caused by the Cochlodinium polykrikoides have a serious impact on the coastal waters of Korea. In this study, the acoustic detection system was developed for rapid HABs detection, based on the acoustic backscattering properties of the C. polykrikoides. The developed system was mainly composed of a pulser-receiver board, a signal processor board, a control board, a network board, a power board, ultrasonic sensors (3.5 and 5.0 MHz), an environmental sensor, GPS, and a land-based control unit. To evaluate the performance of the system, a trail was done at a laboratory, and two in situ trials were conducted: (1) when there was no red tide, and (2) when there was red tide. In the laboratory evaluation, the system performed well in accordance with the number of C. polykrikoides in the received level. Second, under the condition when there was no red tide in the field, there was a good correlation between the acoustic data and sampling data. Finally, under the condition when there was red tide in the field, the system successfully worked at various densities in accordance with the number of C. polykrikoides, and the results corresponded with the sampling data and monitoring result of NFRDI (National Fisheries Research & Development Institute). From the laboratory and field evaluations, the developed acoustic detection system for early detecting HABs has demonstrated that it could be a significant system to monitor the occurrence of HABs in coastal regions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.523-530
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• 2020

Based on the results of harmful algal blooms (HABs) monitoring by the National Institute of Fisheries Science and local governments, the effects of changes in the marine environment on HABs are described. Since the beginning of HABs monitoring in 1972, they continued to increase from the 1980s to the 1990s. After the largest number of HAB incidents (109) in 1998; the trend declined until the 2010s. Most HABs in the 1970s were caused by diatoms. In the 1980s, coastal dinoflagellates caused HABs; Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms have been occurring continuously since 1993. There are three HAB species that cause damage to fisheries in Korea. The high-density bloom of Karenia mikimotoi caused mass mortality in shellfish in Jinhae Bay in 1981. Karenia sp. blooms occurring around Tongyeong in 1992 killed aquaculture fish. Since the occurrence of the largest fisheries damage of KRW 76.6 billion in 1995 caused by C. polykrikoides blooms, they have been occurring continuously. The concentration of nutrients in coastal waters was the highest in the 1980s and has declined since the mid-1990s. This reduction in nutrient concentration is a good explanation for the decreasing number of HABs. Since 2016, a summer high water temperature of 30℃ or more has appeared, and the range and scale of C. polykrikoides blooms have been greatly reduced. In 2016, K. mikimotoi blooms occurred around Wando, Jangheung and Goheung and small scale blooms of C. polykrikoides occurred around Yeosu. There were no C. polykrikoides blooms in 2017; however, Alexandrium affine blooms occurred from Yeosu to Tongyeong. There was a small-scale blooms of C. polykrikoides in 2018 compared to those in the previous years. Our results show that reduction in nutrients and the high water temperature owing to climate change are a good explanation for variation in HABs in Korean coastal waters.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.580-585
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• 2009

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides that causative fishery mortality, impact on aquaculture and economic loss appear particularly in summer and fall seasons in the Korean seas. It was studied on characteristics of HABs in the South Sea of Korea by using satellite and in-situ data. The in-situ data encompassed oceanic and meteorological data from July to October 2002-2008 and satellite data from July to October 2002-2006. Chlorophyll concentrations were calculated using Seaviewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor images by an Ocean Color (OC4) algorithm, and HABs were estimated using the Red tide index Chlorophyll Algorithm (RCA). The HAB occurrences were dominant when water temperature was $22.6-28^{\circ}C$ in August. The frequency of the individual numbers during 2002-2008, the HABs more than 1000 cells/ml (alert condition), were 73.57 %. In meteorological data from July to September during 2002-2008, the average precipitation, the mean air temperature, the mean wind speed and direction, and the sunshine were 9.31 mm/day, $24.07^{\circ}C$, 2.34 m/s and easterly, and 1-11 h, respectively. Our results suggest that the upwelling is caused by southwesterly wind in summer season and the Tsushima Warm Current which have influenced on the dispersion and moving of HAB (chlorophyll). In addition, the fresh water from Nakdong River, as the source of nutrients, also influences the occurrence of HABs.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.877-887
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• 2020

A 3-Dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model was applied to evaluate the effects of weir gate operations on water quality and harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurrences at selected locations in the Nakdong River, Geum River, and Yeongsan River. For the Geum River and Yeongsan River, when the gates are left open, annual and summer Chl-a and HABs were decreased at upstream locations, Sejong Weir and Seungchon Weir, but summer average concentrations of Chl-a and HABs were increased at downstream locations, Baekje Weir and Juksan Weir. For the open scenario, the reduced hydraulic residence time in the upper stream areas of the Geum River and Yeongsan River would allow less available time for nutrient consumption that would result in higher dissolved inorganic phosphorus concentrations followed by higher algal growth in the downstream areas. However, in the case of the Nakdong River, both annual and summer Chl-a and HABs were increased in all locations for the open scenario. This condition seems to be resulted in due to increased light availability by reduced water depths. Changes in Chl-a and HABs occurrences due to the water gate control in the study sites are different due to differences in physical, chemical, and biological conditions in each location.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.120-140
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• 2013

We investigated the occurrence of red tide, harmful algal blooms(HABs), at the end of 14th century until the beginning of 19th century recorded in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, which are the authentic and encyclopedic annual records of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. In total, 81 cases of HABs are recorded in the annals for which authors draw a table and maps. The number of HABs occurrence at each sea is as follows: 68 times at the South Sea; 50 times at the East Sea; and 23 times at the Yellow Sea. A region hit by red tide most frequently was Gyeongsang-do Province (over 80 times), which borders on both the South Sea and the East Sea. HABs written in the annals follow two distinctive occurrence patterns. The first pattern shows red tide started at Gangwon-do Province in March, spread north to Hamgyeongnam-do Province in April, and moved further north to Hamgyeongbuk-do Province in May and June. On the other hand, the second pattern shows red tide occurred in Gyeongsangnam-do Province in August and then expanded north to Gyeongsangbuk-do Province in September. HABs generally happened from March to September, culminating in August. Paralytic shellfish poisoning incidents involving human deaths were reported in Jinhae, Geoje and Tongyeong, occurring February to June. Fish mortality increased throughout Gyeongsang-do Province from July to September. HABs occurred on an extensive scale from 1394 to 1451 and again from 1654 to 1706. HABs also occurred on a lesser scale from 1493 to 1534 and again from 1588 to 1609. In general, vast HABs occurred in odd years (1399, 1403, 1413 and 1681).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.389-396
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• 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by harmful algal blooms (HABs) exert detrimental effects on aquaculture systems. Fish gill cells deteriorate upon exposure to HABs, suggesting that internally generated ROS in HABs influences the external environment. Therefore, we investigated the internal and external changes in ROS concentrations during growth using fluorescence staining of four representative HABs: Alexandrium affine, Chattonella marina, Karenia mikimotoi, and Margalefidinium polykrikoides. The concentrations of H₂O₂ and O₂^- produced by A. affine were low; H₂O₂ from M. polykrikoides was primarily detected internally throughout the experiments, and O₂^- was not detected. High H₂O₂ and O₂^- concentrations were observed in K. mikimotoi during the death phase, with weak external O₂^- concentrations. Regarding C. marina, which produces large amounts of ROS, H₂O₂ was observed internally during the exponential phase, whereas weak O₂^- concentrations were measured externally in the stationary phases. Collectively, our results highlight that ROS concentrations and internal/external distributions are functions of HABs and growth stage. These differences indicate the potential allelopathic mechanisms of proliferating HABs and suggest a possible impact of ROS on aquaculture organisms.