• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2012

Cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) isolated from hardwood bleached kraft pulp (HW-BKP) using sulfuric acid hydrolysis was suspended in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and electrospun into composites nanofibers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the CNW to be rod-like, approximately of $16.1{\pm}4.6$ nm wide and $194{\pm}61$ nm long, providing an aspect ratio of about 12, with a particle size distribution range of $662.2{\pm}301.2$ nm. Uniform and high quality CNW/PVA composite nanofibers were successfully manufactured by the electrospinning method. As the CNW loading increases, the viscosity of CNW/PVA solutions shows a minimum at 1% CNW level which subsequently results in the smallest diameter (193 nm) of electrospun nanofibers. The average diameter of the nanofibers increased up to 284 nm with increasing CNW loading. These results suggest that the electrospinning method provides a great potential of manufacturing consistent and reliable nanofibers from CNW/PVA solution for the formation of scaffolds with potentials in future application.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2003

The influence of base paper properties and fiber type on coating penetration was studied in terms of characterization of coating holdout using two types of hand sheets as the base paper which were prepared from thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and hardwood bleached kraft pulp(KP) sized internally with alkyl ketene dimmer (AKD). Laboratory rod draw down coater was used for surface sizing and coating application. Characterization of coating penetration was done by measuring the roughness of the backside of coating layer. The backside of the coating was exposed by dissolving the fibers in a solution of cupriethylenedimine (CEO). Data show that internal sizing of base paper is effective and surface sizing is more effective to prevent coating penetration. Comparing between the two types of base papers, backside roughness of coating layer of TMP sheet is much larger and sizing is more effective to reduce coating penetration than those of KP sheet. From the result of water absorption and sizing degree after surface sizing, it seems that internal sizing slows down molecular diffusion much more than capillary penetration, but surface sizing reduces the capillary penetration. Furthermore, predominant mechanism of water into paper of TMP sheet seems to be capillary penetration, but it is molecular diffusion in the case of KP sheet.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.81-87
• /
• 2014

Conditions of paper manufacturing process should be changed depending on the end use and paper properties. Most of the case, mixed pulps with long softwood fibers and short hardwood fibers are used to achieve proper qualities of product with reasonable production cost. For specialty paper manufacture the wood pulp and cotton linter pulp are usually mixed together. The objectives of this study is to analyze physical, mechanical and fracture mechanical properties of paper depending on SwBKP, HwBKP and cotton linter pulp(CLP) mixing. When the mixing ratio of SwBKP was increased, strength properties, such as tensile, tear, and folding endurance, were also increased. When the mixing ratio of SwBKP and HwBKP was increased, stress concentration index was decreased and fracture toughness was increased.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2013

Manufacturing fabrics from dissolving cellulosic pulp is increasing in these days. For making high quality of cellulose-based fabrics, control of cellulose DP (degree of polymerization), its alpha cellulose content, its brightness, and its crystallinity are important. To process the cellulosic raw material, refining of cellulosic fibers is essential, and it is important to know if refining affects those important cellulose properties. The effects of PFI mill and Valley beater refining on the alpha-cellulose content, cellulose DP, crystallinity, and paper mechanical properties of wood and two different cotton fibers were studied. The results showed that PFI mill refining rarely affected those properties. Fibers refined by a Valley beater displayed a small reduction in fiber length in comparison with those refined by a PFI mill. However, the Valley beater refining method produced almost no changes in cellulose properties, either. The refining process seemed to have very little effect on the cellulose DP, crystallinity index, or alpha-cellulose content until the freeness decreased to around 300 mL CSF for wood and 100 mL CSF for cotton fibers, respectively. There were also no differences in tensile strength development in two refining methods.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.2
• /
• pp.325-329
• /
• 2006

Nippon Paper Industries, Co., Ltd. declared conversion of all the bleaching process to ECF, and most of the production had converted by now. To reduce ECF bleaching cost, we found that depending on electricity supply condition of the mill, utilization of ozone bleaching could be very effective. In addition, hot acid treatment of unbleached pulp also seemed to be effective for hardwood. In this study, several conditions for each technology were examined with the pulps from our own mills to reduce bleaching cost and to keep fiber quality acceptable level. In hot acid treatment study, with mild conditions (temperature lower than $90^{\circ}C$), sufficient reduction in Kappa number and hexenuronic acids content of the pulp were observed, while pulp viscosity was maintained. Moreover, to maintain strength of bleached pulp that subjected both to ozone bleaching and hot acid treatment, recommended Kappa number after ozone bleaching was more than 3. Based on these findings, two of our mills had installed medium-consistency ozone bleaching facilities and three mills installed hot acid treatment. Especially in Yatsushiro mill, both were installed in one bleaching line (A-ZD-E/P-D sequence), and running successfully.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 1992

The unique cell wall micropores of pulp fiber can be utilized as loading site in variety of important practical application which could be the basis of new papermaking technologies. One of these includes the manufature of paper containing higher levels of in situ filler precipitated. Hardwood pulp fiber were first impregnated with the solution of sodium carbonate($Na_2CO_3$). The micropores in cell wall of pulp fibers were filled with the liquid salt solution. The second calcium nitrate($Ca(NO_3)_2$) solution formed an insoluble calcium carbonate($CaCO_3$) precipitate within the cell wall micropores by interacting with the first sodium carbonate solution. The effects of chemical concentration and dryness of pulp fibers on the retention of cell wall micropore loaded filler were investigated. The paper properties of cell wall micropore loaded pulp fibers were compared with those of conventionally loaded and lumen loaded pulp fibers. Also the presense of the fillers within the cell wall micropore was observed by SEM. Increasing the chemical concentration to generate the calcium carbonate increased the retention of filler in cell wall micropore loaded pulp fibers. The particle size distribution of precipitated calcium carbonate ranged from $0.1{\mu}m$ to $80{\mu}m$. But, the average particle size of cell wall micropore loaded calcium carbonate was $4{\mu}m$. The paper made from never dried pulp fibers, the cell wall micropores which were filled with calcium carbonate, had better mechanical and optical properties than those of conventionally loaded or lumen loaded pulp fibers.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.62-67
• /
• 1979

목재(木材)의 초박편시료(超薄片試料)에 자외선주사현미(紫外線走査顯微) 분광분석법(分光分析法)이 목재세포벽내(木材細胞壁內)의 리그닌 분포량(分布量) 변화측정(變化測定)에 우수(優秀)한 방법(方法)임이 판명(判明)되고 자작나무, 목질부(木質部)에서 복합세포간층(複合細胞間層)을 단리(單離)하여 분광분석법(分光分析法)과 정량분석(定量分析)을 수행(遂行), 도관(道管)의 이차막(二次膜)과 세포간층내(細胞間層內)의 리그닌은 주(主)로 Guajacylpropane으로 구성(構成)되었고, 목섬유(木纖維)와 방재세포(放財細胞)의 이차막내(二次膜內)의 리그닌은 대부분(大部分)이 Syringylpropane으로 구성(構成)되었고, 또 목섬유(木纖維) 및 방사세포(放射細胞)의 세포(細胞) 간층(間層)은 Guaiacyl- 및 Syringyl-propane으로 구성(構成)되었다는 연구보고(硏究報告)에 따라 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 너도밤나무 탈지(脫脂) 목분(木粉을 시료(試料)로 하여 마쇄단계별(磨碎段階別)로 Bjorkman리그닌(Milled Wood Lignin, MWL)을 추출(抽出)하여 MWL의 화학적(化學的) 구조(構造)와 특성(特性)을 분석(分析)하여 목재세포벽내(木材細胞壁內)의 리그닌의 구조적(構造的) 차이(差異)와 그 분포량(分布量), 그리고 MWL의 기원(基源)을 보다 명확(明確)히 구명(究明)하고j 수행(修行)하였다. 마쇄시간(磨碎時間)이 길어질수록 MWL의 pehnolic-OH기(基), 카보닐기(基) 그리고 메톡실기(基)의 함량(含量)이 높아지며 또한 단계별(段階別) MWL을 nitrobezene으로 산화(酸化)하여 얻은 vanillin량(量)은 감소(減少)하여 가고 반대로 syringaldehyde량(量)은 증가(增加)한다. 따라서 마쇄초기(磨碎初期)의 MWL은 세포간층(細胞間層) 부위(部位)로부터 온 것이고, 마쇄말기(磨碎末期)의 그것은 마쇄후기(磨碎后期)에 파괴(破壞)되는 목섬유(木纖維)의 세포벽(細胞壁) 이차막(二次膜)에서 유래(由來)된 것이라고 믿어진다. 그러므로 활엽수재목(闊葉樹材木)의 세포벽내(細胞壁內) 리그닌도 위치(位置)에 따라 화학적(化學的) 구조(構造)가 다르다는 것을 명화(明確)히 알 수 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 마쇄단계별(磨碎段階別) 각(各) MWL을 젤 여과법(濾過法)에 의(依)한 분자량(分子量)을 분석(分析)한 바 마쇄초기(磨碎初期)MWL의 분자량(分子量)이 마쇄후기(磨碎后期) MWL의 그것보다 작았으나 세포벽내(細胞壁內) 리그닌의 분자량(分子量) 분포(分布)에 관(關)한 상세(詳細)한 것에 관(關)하여는 연구(硏究)가 필요(必要)함을 적시(摘示)한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제49권4호
• /
• pp.336-359
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 고층 목조건축에 사용되는 대형 목재 패널인 CLT의 낮은 rolling shear strength를 개선하기 위해 hybrid CLT의 연구 개발 동향을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 CLT의 국산화를 위한 연구개발 방향에 활용 가능한 기초자료를 마련하고자 하였고, 낮은 rolling shear strength를 향상시키기 위한 방안으로 활엽수 층재 사용, 층재 배열 각도 변화, 구조용 목질복합체의 사용이 주를 이루고 있다. 활엽수 층재는 침엽수 보다 rolling shear strength와 shear modulus 모두 2배 이상의 높은 값을 나타내므로 활엽수 층재 사용 및 미이용 수종의 활용이 가능함을 확인하였다. 층재 배열 각도 변화에 따라 rolling shear stength 1.5배, shear modulus 8.3배, bending stiffness 4.1배 향상되어 층재 배열 각도를 감소시킴으로써 CLT 강도 향상을 확인하였다. 구조용 목질재료는 기존에 강도성능이 확보된 재료로 층재로 사용하였을 때 최대 MOR 1.35배, MOE 1.5배, rolling shear strength 2배 향상되었고, 층재 간의 접착강도 또한 집성재 블록전단강도 기준인 7.0 N/mm²을 확보할 수 있었다. 선행연구결과를 통해 MOE 7.0 GPa, MOR 40.0 MPa 이상의 휨 특성을 가진 구조용 목질재료를 사용하였을 때 강도성능이 향상됨을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 구조용 목질재료 층재 강도 기준으로 판단하였다. rolling shear strength 개선하기 위한 최적의 방법은 기존 규격에 의한 강도값을 가진 구조용 목질재료의 적용이 가장 유리할 것으로 판단하나, 구조용 목질재료의 섬유 배열에 따른 CLT 층재 배열 방향, 층재 간 접착 강도 등에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제46권1호
• /
• pp.18-28
• /
• 2014

Renewable Portfolio Standards(RPS) is a regulation that requires a renewable energy generated from eco-friendly energy sources such as biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal. The RPS mechanism generally is an obligatory policy that places on electricity supply companies to produce a designated fraction of their electricity from renewable energies. The domestic companies to supply electricity largely rely on wood pellets in order to implement the RPS in spite of undesirable situation of lack of wood resources in Korea. This means that the electricity supply companies in Korea must explore new biomass as an alternative to wood. Palm kernel shell (PKS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) as oil palm wastes can be used as raw materials used for making pellets after their thermochemical treatment like torrefaction. Torrefaction is a pretreatment process which serves to improve the properties including heating value and energy densification of these oil palm wastes through a mild pyrolysis at temperature typically ranging between 200 and $300^{\circ}C$ in the absence of oxygen under atmospheric pressure. Torrefaction of oil palms wastes at above $200^{\circ}C$ contributed to the increase of fixed carbon with the decrease of volatile matters, leading to the improvement of their calorific values over 20.9 MJ/kg (=5,000 kcal/kg) up to 25.1 MJ/kg (=6,000 kcal/kg). In particular, EFB sensitively responded to torrefaction because of its physical properties like fiber bundles, compared to PKS and hardwood chips. In conclusion, torrefaction treatment of PKS and EFB can greatly contribute to the implement of RPS of the electricity supply companies in Korea through the increased co-firing biomass with coal.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.327-336
• /
• 2013

인도네시아에서 자생하는 수종인 White Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba)과 Red Jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus)의 해부학적 특성을 IAWA 분류기준에 의거하여 조사 및 비교하였다. 두 수종은 산공재로서, 대부분 2~3열의 방사복합관공의 형태로 관찰되었다. 접선방향의 도관 직경은 $100{\sim}200{\mu}m$의 범위로, $mm^2$당 도관의 수는 5~20개의 범위로 분류되었고, White Jabon의 도관수가 더 많았다. 두 수종에서 $mm^2$당 고립관공의 수는 비슷했으나 복합관공은 White Jabon이 다소 많이 출현하였다. 두 수종의 횡단면에서 축방향유조직은 산재상의 형태를 보였으나, White Jabon은 그 출현빈도가 매우 낮았다. 방사단면에서 방사조직은 평복세포와 4열 이상의 직립세포로 구성된 형태가 주로 관찰되었으며, 부분적으로 직립동성형 방사조직이 관찰되었다. 접선단면상에서 White Jabon의 방사조직은 1~V3열, Red Jabon은 1~2열로 관찰되었으며, 방사조직의 높이는 White Jabon이 $420{\mu}m$, Red Jabon이 $474{\mu}m$로 나타났다. 목섬유의 평균 길이는 $900{\sim}1,600{\mu}m$의 범위였고, 수에서 수피부로 이행할수록 증가하는 방사방향 변이성을 나타냈다.