• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제18권
• /
• pp.27-62
• /
• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제44권
• /
• pp.57-84
• /
• 2009

This Study attempts to compare and analyze on Principle of Change Circumstances under th CISG, PICC and PECL which are covered international commercial contract. In many international commercial contract, time is very important because delays in performance are sanctioned heavily by substantial penalty clauses. When change in circumstances affects contract performance, the contract will often not be suspended or terminated. Therefore, principle of change circumstances is being prepared of fluidity of contract environment and its effect in general. Taking into consideration the problems relating to the renegotiation or adaptation in the cases of radical change of circumstances where the CISG applies, it is suggested that the contracting parties should make clear their intentions, that is, whether they will provide for the possibility of renegotiation where the price of goods has been altered by inserting a hardship clause or for the possibility of mutual discharge from liability in the cases of economic impossibility or hardship by inserting a force majeure clause. Such provision will be desirable especially in situations where there is a long term contract, the price of goods sold tends to fluctuate in the international commerce, or where especially in contracts subjected to arbitration, the parties subject their contract to legal sources or principles of supranational character. Therefore, this study has shown that the hardship provisions in the CISG, PICC and PECL has similarities to each a validity defense and an excuse defense. it was provisions that CISG governs this issue in Article 79, PICC Article 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3 and PECL Article 6.111.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제69권
• /
• pp.179-199
• /
• 2016

There is legal relation between both parties after contract formation. The parties are liable for performing each duties but a party is not liable for a failure to perform the duties if party proves that the failure was due to the force majeure. The forec majeure has different concepts and legal principles such as change circumstance, hardship, frustration, impediment and so on. Therefore, it need to analyze a historical background and their presence in various domestic legal systems. Although the CISG describes Art. 79 impediment instead of using the force majeure, the impediment has several interpretative limitation. The CISG pursue to harmonize divergent legal concepts and principles from various national laws and legal systems but the harmonization of legal systems make the impediment more confused. The article goes on to analyzes about limitation of the impediment and reviews to examine the force majeure and hardship in PICC. Thus both parties of international contract insert hardship clause in order to prevent the problem of judgment in a court or a court of arbitration under impediment of CISG.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제47권3호
• /
• pp.129-139
• /
• 2022

Ethical issues in international trade will first need to be resolved through applicable public methods. However, considering that there is a party who produced and manufactured the goods, that is, a seller, and a buyer who purchased the goods, the area of the public law is now a matter of private law. Since the CISG does not mention the term 'ethics' in the full text, an ethical consideration is needed to interpret using existing provisions. In addition, a review of the validity, explicit and implied conditions, trade usages, or established practices between the parties through the CISG shows that ethical issues between the trading parties subject to the CISG may constitute part of the sales contract. Ethical hardship in the process of implementing the contract can also be seen as a impediment in the CISG. However, the safe way for a party to avoid disputes is to explicitly insert a contract clause incorporating ethical standards in the contract or add related terms and conditions and codes of ethics.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제51권
• /
• pp.159-185
• /
• 2011

This paper is intended to discuss the controversial issue of the principles of change circumstances under the legal system of international commercial transactions. The principles of change circumstances, so called clausula rebus sic stantibus is the legal doctrine allowing for treaties to become inapplicable because of a fundamental change of circumstances. It is essentially an "escape clause" that makes an exception to the general rule of pacta sunt servanda (promises must be kept). The practical needs of international transactions differ from the established concepts of national contracts law. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the legal system and theories under the regimes of international commercial transactions such as the CISG, the PICC, and the PECL. Clausula rebus sic stantibus does not apply if the parties to a treaty had contemplated for the occurrence of the changed circumstance. It only relates to the changed circumstances that were never contemplated by the parties. This paper has shown that the hardship provisions in the CISG, PICC, PECL has similarities to each a validity defense and an excuse defense. it was provisions that CISG governs this issue in Article 79, PICC Article 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.3(in addition to Article 7.1.7), PECL Article 6.111(in addition to 8.108). It is time when we should reconsider its legal system with great interest in order to harmonize with the international standpoint. It will be the turning point of our viepoint under the international commercial transactions.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.21-33
• /
• 2020

This study aims to determine if the current COVID-19 event can be admitted as an excuse for non-performance in international trade transactions. In order to do so, this study selected case study method in the analysis. Firstly, the definitions of Force Majeure addressed in CISG, UCC, Chinese Law, and Korean Law were organized. Secondly, this study reviewed the avian influenza event in 2006 and the natural disaster event occurred in Guangdong, China, in 2017. In the study, three critical evaluation factors are suggested in order to be admitted as a Force Majeure event in international transactions as following: 1) possibility of foresight of the event, 2) possibility to overcome and avoid the event, and 3) the enterprise's countermeasures of the event. As an implication, this study organized the definitions of Force Majeure that were indicated in various kinds of Laws and suggested the basic framework to analyze the possibility of admittance as a Force Majeure event.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.211-253
• /
• 2005

최근 경기도 화성군 매향리사격장과 김포공항 인근의 주민들이 제기한 소음피해에 대한 위자료청구소송에서 대법원은 각각 원고 승소 판결을 내렸다. 오랜 기간 공항과 군용사격장 인근에 거주하면서 소음피해로 고동을 입은 주민들에 대하여 처음으로 법적인 구제를 하였다는 점에서 큰 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 위 두 판결에서 대법원은 원고의 입증책임을 가볍게 하였다. 대법원의 이러한 판결 내용은 전국 각지의 군용비행장과 공항 인근 주민들에게 큰 영향을 미쳐 이미 많은 이들이 유사한 소송을 제기하였거나 준비 중에 있다. 매향리사격장사건과 김포공항사건에서 법원은 과실 책임의 법리를 적용하여 사격장과 공항의 설치관리자인 국가가 소음방지시설의 설치의무 또는 위험방지의무를 충실히 수행하지 아니하였으므로 과실 또는 영조물의 설치관리상의 하자가 있음을 인정하고 이로 인해 발생한 소음에 의해 정신적 고통 및 생활방해가 있었다는 인과관계의 입증아래 가해행위의 위법성을 인정하여 피고의 배상책임을 인정할 수도 있었다. 그러나 매향리사격장사건과 김포공항사건에서 법원은 수인한도론을 영조물의 설치관리상의 하자유무를 판단하는데 활용하였고 위법성여부의 판단에마저 사용함으로써 선수인한도론을 채용한 것으로 보인다. 선수인한도론은 무과실책임의 법리를 마찬가지의 효과를 갖는 것으로써 과실 책임의 법리를 일반원칙으로 하고 무과실책임을 특수입법이 존재하는 경우에 예외적으로 인정하는 우리 민법의 일반원리에 부합하지 않는다. 환경침해의 경우 피해자구제의 필요성이 강조된다고는 하나 법관에 의한 법의 자의적인 변경까지 허용될 수는 없는 것이다. 이번 판결에서 법원은 소음피해자들의 피해를 구제하여 구체적 타당성 있는 판결을 내렸다고 자부할 수는 있으나 결론을 도출하는데 사용한 법리가 지나치게 넓어 결과적으로 당해 판결은 사회적으로 타당하지 못한 판결이 될 기능성이 높아졌다.