• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.15-26
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to attempt to interpret golf courses as event-generating spaces with consideration given to the time factor. Through a golf game, a variety of events such as the tee shot, second shot, putt, and hole out are generated. These events have been connected to a series of events after hole out such as birdie, par, bogey and so on. The series of events do not always occur in the same way. They reveal unexpected changes over time. These unexpected changes cause changes in the spatial characteristics and offer unforgettable memories for golfers. Gilles Deleuze mentioned the spatial characteristics as striated space and smooth space. Striated space can be defined as sedentary space. It is distant vision-optical space that has dimensional, metric and centered characteristics, whereas smooth space is defined as nomadic, close vision-haptic space that has directional and acentered characteristics. This study focused on the analysis of spatial characteristics according to striated space and smooth space. Golf courses generally show the characteristics of striated space before beginning the game. As soon as the game begins, however, the golf courses are converted into an event-generating space. The characteristics of striated space are transformed into smooth space, a nomadic space that amplifies the dynamic, changeable, de-scaled and non-metric system. Through the whole game, this transformation is dramatically repeated. On the other hand, the golfer, the subject of the game, senses the phenomenological experience in the process of orientation, center, definition, and domestication.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2011

This paper aims to find the optimal control gain for enhancing the convenience of electric walking frames and design a control algorithm. With the recent advances in medical technology, there has been a rapid increase in the aging population and a variety of mobile walking frames have been developed for improvement of the quality of life. However, the manual walking frames of such mobile aids don't have any electric motor which helps facilitate elderly users' walking and thus are not efficient enough for the old people of weak strength to use especially when moving on uneven surfaces such as slopes or thresholds. The types of electric walking frames have been developed to overcome such inefficiency. Electric walking frames require users' control operations for motor driving unlike manual frames. Therefore, when they are not properly handled, it causes considerable inconvenience to their users. The present study compared the electric walking frames with manual ones in terms of operational convenience and attempted to improve the user convenience of walking frames varying the control value for user convenience based on certain standards. This paper presented a haptic sensor designed to recognize the will to walk and measure the degree of convenience and proposed a control algorithm for improvement of convenience. For user convenience, this paper evaluated the relative convenience of walking frames in view of changing differences between the center of vehicle (COV) and the center of position (COP). With the employment of an electric walking frame and a new measuring method, all the processes were experimentally tested and validated.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2016

The landscape of the current fitness trackers is not only limited to the aerobic exercises but also the weight training is comparatively excluded. Recently, a few weight training fitness tracker was released, human-computer interaction was not well designed due to the lack of considering the context. Because body movement would be intense while doing exercises, having exercise performers hold or operate a device makes a negative experience. As the wearable device is always inseparable to body, it could provide effective feedback because holding or operating a device is not necessary. Therefore, this study aims to make the exercise performers feel a natural feedback through the wearable device to do effective exercises. As a result, this study identified three findings. First, the information which exercise performers most needed was 'during exercise.' and the most necessary information for exercise performers through wearable device's sensory feedback was about 'pace control' with counting and motivation. Second, the order of the most preferred presentation type of sensory feedback was auditory feedback, haptic feedback and visual feedback. Third, the satisfaction, utility, usefulness score of sensory feedback as same as the personal trainer's feedback. In conclusion, this study illustrated the feedback design implications using a wearable device while doing weight training and the possibilities that wearable device could be substitute for personal trainer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.304-304
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• 2010

최근 생활에 편리하며 휴대하기 좋은 전자기기들이 개발되고 있다. 휴대폰이나 MP3와 같은 전자기기들은 거의 필수품이라고 할 정도로 우리의 일상생활에 근접하여 있다. 그 종 대표적으로 휴대폰의 종류로 스마트폰과 같은 터치스크린을 이용한 사례는 점차 상승하고 있으며 시간이 지날수록 그 수요는 더욱 많아지고 있다. 때문에 몰입감 제공을 위하여 햅틱장치의 채용이 일반화 되고 있다. 햅틱장치란 가상환경이나 원거리에 있는 환경과 사용자가 상호 작용할 때 사용자에게 촉감이나 힘의 정보를 전달하여 주는 장치로 진동 및 회동 저항에 의해 사용자로 하여금 촉감들 느낄 수 있도록 하는 장치를 뜻한다. 즉, 현실감을 전달을 중점으로 하는 햅틱장치는 빠른 응답 속도와, 진동의 주파수와 크기는 독립적으로 제어가 가능해야 하며 기계적 수용기들을 직접적으로 자극할 수 있어야 한다. 하지만 모바일 햅틱장치의 경우 크기 및 소비전력의 문제로 모든 스펙을 만족하기에는 어려워 좀 더 한정적인 느낌을 제공할 수 없다. 현재까지 모바일 장치에서 햅틱 피드백을 위하여 진동모터나, 솔레노이드, 압전 액츄에이터 등이 많이 사용되어 지고 있다. 그 중 압전 액츄에이터는 입력에너지를 기계적 출력에너지로 변환되는 효과를 이용 한 것으로 압력 센서, 초음파 센서 등 많은 분야에서 응용되고 있으며 변위 범위는 작지만, 크기가 매우 작고 변위 정밀도가 높으며 발생력과 응답속도가 빠르다는 장점이 존재한다. 이를 이용한 햅틱 압전 엑츄에이터의 제작에 사용되는 압전 세라믹스는 높은 전기적 특성을 가질수록 더 졸은 효율을 가지며 이로 인하여 보다 좋은 전기적 특성을 가지는 압전 세라믹스를 필요로 한다. 현재 많이 사용되는 PZT계 세라믹스는 우수한 전기적 특성으로 많이 사용되고 있지만 Pb의 유독성으로 인한 환경문제로 Pb가 포함된 제품을 제한하고 있어 현재 Lead-free의 연구가 이루어지고 있다. Lead-free중 Ba$(Ti_{0.8}Zr_{0.2})O_3$(BZT)는 PZT계 세라믹스를 대체할 차세대 압전 재료로 주목받고 있다. 일반적으로 Lead-free의 압전계수($d_{33}$=100~300pC/N)는 비교적 낮은 값을 보이지만 BZT의 압전계수(BZT $d_{33}$~620pC/N)는 PZT계 세라믹스의 압전계수($d_{33}$=500~600pC/N)와 비교하여 부족하지 않은 압전계수를 보여주며 PZT를 대체할 재료로 주목받고 있다. 본 실험은 햅틱 압전 엑츄에이터용 무연 압전세라믹스의 제작을 위하여 Ba$(Ti_{0.8}Zr_{0.2})O_3-(Ba_{0.7}Ca_{0.3})-TiO_3$(BZT -BCT)의 조성으로 유전 및 압전 특성을 조사하였다.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

Most of the commercialized wearable text input devices are wrist-worn keyboards that have adopted the minimization method of reducing keys. Generally, a drastic key reduction in order to achieve sufficient wearability increases KSPC(Keystrokes per Character), decreases text entry performance, and requires additional effort to learn a new typing method. We are faced with wearability-usability tradeoff problems in designing a good wearable keyboard. To address this problem, we introduced a new keyboard minimization method of reducing key pitch. From a series of empirical studies, we found the potential of a new method which has a keyboard with a 7mm key pitch, good wearability and social acceptance in terms of physical form factors, and allows users to type 15.0WPM in 3 session trials. However, participants point out that a lack of passive haptic feedback in keying action and visual feedback on users' input deteriorate the text entry performance. We have developed the One-key Keyboard that addresses this problem. The traditional desktop keyboard has one key per character, but the One-key Keyboard has only one key ($70mm{\times}35mm$) on which a 10*5 QWERTY key array is printed. The One-key Keyboard detects the position of the fingertip at the time of the keying event and figures out the character entered. We conducted a text entry performance test comprised of 5 sessions. The participants typed 18.9WPM with a 6.7% error rate over all sessions and achieved up to 24.5WPM. From the experiment's results, the One-key Keyboard was evaluated as a potential text input device for wearable computing, balancing wearability, social acceptance, input speed, and learnability.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.900-909
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• 2007

This paper describes an experiment on the evaluation of human sensibility by monitoring responses to changes In the frequency and amplitude of a tactile display system. Preliminary tasks were performed to obtain effective adjectives concerning texture perception. The number of collected adjectives was originally 33. This number of adjectives was reduced to 14 by a suitability survey that asked whether an adjective is suitable for expressing a texture feeling. Finally after performing a semantic similarity evaluation, the number of adjectives was further reduced to ten and these ten were used in the main experiment. In the main experiment, selected sandpaper types and 15 selected combinations of frequencies and amplitudes of a tactile display were utilized to quantitatively evaluate the ten adjectives using a bipolar seven-point scale. The data show that a relationship exists between the independent variables(frequency, amplitude, and grit site) and the dependent variable(perceived texture). That is, the change of frequency and amplitude is directly related to perceived roughness or essential elements of human tactile sensitivity found in the preliminary experiment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.536-542
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• 2006

High fat diet and chronic alcohol consumption cause hyperlipidemia, steatohepatitis and in some cases, cirrhosis. But the detailed mechanisms are not known. Scutellariae Radix (SR) has been known to have hepatoprotective effects. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine whether SR water extract (100 mg/kg) could affect immune function in mice abused by long-term alcohol consumption (feed 25% ethanol in water for 1 month, ad libitum) with high fat diet (40% fat of total calorie). Mice received either a regular diet (RD, AIN 93) or a high fat diet (HD); high fat diet group were divided into ethanol group (HED) or ethanol with SR water extract group (HEDS). Food consumption was measured daily and body weights recorded weekly throughout the experiment. Immunological parameters (Ig A, Ig E, TNF-$\alpha$, IFN-$\gamma$, IL-$1{\beta}$) were measured from the serum and the supernatant of spleen lymphocytes from the all groups. The concentration of serum Ig A, Ig E and cytokines were significantly higher in the alcohol consumed groups. Also the concentration of supernatant of spleen lymphocytes, Ig A, Ig E, cytokines were significantly higher in the ethanol consumption groups. Otherwise, HEDS group were significantly lower than HED group. These results suggest that SR water extract may improve the haptic immune function in mice fed high fat diet with alcohol.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.50
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• pp.101-130
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• 2018

Since the advent of the Smart Devices, the smartphone has become a popular tool to view Webtoon. This phenomenon has caused the convergence of cutting-edge technologies and Webtoons in diverse forms, creating unique versions of Webtoons including, but not limited to Smart-toon, Effect-toon, Cut-toon, Dubbing-toon, Moving-toon, AR-toon, VR-toon, and Interaction-toon. By comparison to these rich diversities of Webtoons in the online industry, there is a lack of academic research on this topic. There are some papers which talk about the different types of multimedia technology conversion and its case presentation or the effectiveness and problems of visual effect, but the effects of these convergence technologies on comic readers' concentration and reading effectiveness have never been investigated so far. Therefore, this paper will discuss the unique method of immersive storytelling that is often used in comics and analyze each aspects of immersive method in technology-converged Webtoons along with its problems. Furthermore, this paper will analyze different aspects of "immersion" and interaction elements that can be found in the popular Interaction-toon, (Encountered). Through this, this paper discusses the positive influence of the interaction elements on comic readers' immersion level and its limitation. To classify the technology-converged Webtoons in terms of the immersion level, the Effect-toon sometimes interferes viewer's flow by using excessive use of multimedia effect, creating information overload. The Smart-toon which applied motions to each frame under horizontal mode of smartphones was a good try, but it hindered the readers' activeness and made it hard for the readers to be fully absorbed in the story. The VR-toon, which utilizes virtual reality gadgets to allow viewers to explore the world of Webtoon was also a nice try to overcome the limitation of vertical screens. However, it often caused dispersion of user's attention and reduced the users' immersion level. The Moving-toon which only emphasized the reading convenience also invaded readers' activeness and disturb users' concentration. On the other hand, the cartoonist Il-Kwon Ha applied high technologies such as face recognition technology, augmented reality techniques, 360-degree panorama technology, and haptic technology to his cartoon (Encountered). This allowed the readers to form a sense of closeness towards the cartoon characters which let the readers to identify themselves with the characters and interact with them. By this way, the readers can be fully immersed in the story. However, technology abuse, impractical production and hackneyed storylining often showed later in the story remains as its limitations.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.85-94
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• 2005

Most of product designers use 3D CAD system as a inevitable design tool nowadays and many new products are developed through a concurrent engineering process. However, it is very difficult for novice designers to get the sense of reality from modeling objects shown in the computer screens. Such a intangibility problem comes from the lack of haptic interactions and contextual information about the real space because designers tend to do 3D modeling works only in a virtual space of 3D CAD system. To address this problem, this research investigate the possibility of a interactive quantified structure simulation for product design using AR(augmented reality) which can register a 3D CAD modeling object on the real space. We built a quantified structure simulation system based on AR and conducted a series of experiments to measure how accurately human perceive and adjust the size of virtual objects under varied experimental conditions in the AR environment. The experiment participants adjusted a virtual cube to a reference real cube within 1.3% relative error(5.3% relative StDev). The results gave the strong evidence that the participants can perceive the size of a virtual object very accurately. Furthermore, we found that it is easier to perceive the size of a virtual object in the condition of presenting plenty of real reference objects than few reference objects, and using LCD panel than HMD. We tried to apply the simulation system to identify preference characteristics for the appearance design of a home-service robot as a case study which explores the potential application of the system. There were significant variances in participants' preferred characteristics about robot appearance and that was supposed to come from the lack of typicality of robot image. Then, several characteristic groups were segmented by duster analysis. On the other hand, it was interesting finding that participants have significantly different preference characteristics between robot with arm and armless robot and there was a very strong correlation between the height of robot and arm length as a human body.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.13B no.5 s.108
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• pp.561-568
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• 2006

WPS(Wearable Personal Station) for next generation PC can define as a core terminal of 'Ubiquitous Computing' that include information processing and network function and overcome spatial limitation in acquisition of new information. As a way to acquire significant dynamic gesture data of user from haptic devices, traditional gesture recognizer based on desktop-PC using wire communication module has several restrictions such as conditionality on space, complexity between transmission mediums(cable elements), limitation of motion and incommodiousness on use. Accordingly, in this paper, in order to overcome these problems, we implement hand gesture recognition system using fuzzy algorithm and neural network for Post PC(the embedded-ubiquitous environment using blue-tooth module and WPS). Also, we propose most efficient and reasonable hand gesture recognition interface for Post PC through evaluation and analysis of performance about each gesture recognition system. The proposed gesture recognition system consists of three modules: 1) gesture input module that processes motion of dynamic hand to input data 2) Relational Database Management System(hereafter, RDBMS) module to segment significant gestures from input data and 3) 2 each different recognition modulo: fuzzy max-min and neural network recognition module to recognize significant gesture of continuous / dynamic gestures. Experimental result shows the average recognition rate of 98.8% in fuzzy min-nin module and 96.7% in neural network recognition module about significantly dynamic gestures.