• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

A mutation in the promoter region of uncoupling protein 3 (UCF3), specifically the -55C longrightarrow T transition, may influence an individual's energy metabolism and body weight. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a weight reduction program on endocrine functions and body fat distribution, related to UCP3 promoter genotype. Ninety overweight pre-menopausal female subjects participated in the weight reduction program at Yonsei University Hospital, and were placed on a calorie-restricted diet (300 kcal less than their daily requirements) for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, all subjects on the program lost approximately 5% of their initial body weights and had lower Body Mass Index (BMI) values. Among the 90 women, 56 had a normal (without mutation) UCP3 genotype, while 34 women had mutations in the promoter region of UCP3. Despite similar weight reductions in both groups, a significantly higher decrease in abdominal adipose tissue was observed in the normal UCP3 genotype group, compared to the group with mutations. In particular, there was a significant reduction of fat at the lumbar 1 (Ll) level in the without-mutation group. Serum levels of total cholesterol, apolipoprotein Al were significantly decreased in the without-mutation group, by 4.4% and 5.7% respectively. Serum levels of hormones were not significantly changed in both groups artier the intervention. However, in the group without the mutations, the leptin level significantly reduced by 23.4% (p<0.001). Serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was significantly increased in the group with mutation following the weight reduction program. On the other hand, FFA responses were shown similar increases in both groups. In conclusion, although no difference was found in the magnitude of weight reduction in both groups, there were significant differences in body fat distribution and in endocrine function between the groups.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.294-301
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• 2013

In this study, we examined the hepatic anti-steatosis activity of carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic compound of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves, as well as its possible mechanism of action, in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice model. Mice were fed a HFD, or a HFD supplemented with 0.01% (w/w) CA or 0.02% (w/w) CA, for a period of 12 weeks, after which changes in body weight, blood lipid profiles, and fatty acid mechanism markers were evaluated. The 0.02% (w/w) CA diet resulted in a marked decline in steatosis grade, as well as in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index values, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT) results, body weight gain, liver weight, and blood lipid levels (P < 0.05). The expression level of hepatic lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulating element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), liver-fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS), was significantly lower in mice fed 0.01% (w/w) CA and 0.02% (w/w) CA diets than that in the HFD group; on the other hand, the expression level of ${\beta}$-oxidation-related genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ (PPAR-${\alpha}$), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1), and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), was higher in mice fed a 0.02% (w/w) CA diet, than that in the HFD group (P < 0.05). In addition, the hepatic content of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), and oleic acid (C18:1) was significantly lower in mice fed the 0.02% (w/w) CA diet than that in the HFD group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that orally administered CA suppressed HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and fatty liver-related metabolic disorders through decrease of de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid elongation and increase of fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation in mice.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-29
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• 2001

The enzyme activities of creatine kinase (CK), its isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (LD-1) have been used for years in diagnosing patients with chest pain in order to differentiate patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from non-AMI patients. These methods are easy to perform as automated analyses, but they are not specific for cardiac muscle damage. During the early 90's the situation changed. First, creatine kinase ME mass (CK-MB mass) replaced the measurement of CK-MB activity. Subsequently cardiac-specific proteins, troponin T (cTnT) and troponin I (cTnI) appeared and displacing LD-1 analysis. However, troponin concentrations in blood increase only from four to six hours after onset of chest pain. Therefore a rapid marker such as myoglobin, fatty acid binding protein or glycogen phosphorylase BB could be used in early diagnosis of AMI. On the other hand, CK-MB isoforms alone may also be useful in rapid diagnosis of cardiac muscle damage. Myoglobin, CK-MB mass, cTnT and cTnI are nowadays widely used in diagnosing patients with acute chest pain. Myoglobin is not cardiac-specific and therefore requires supplementation with some other analyses such as troponins to support the myoglobin value. Troponins are very highly cardiac-specific. Only the sera of some patients with severe renal failure, which requires hemodialysis, have elevated cTnT and/or cTnI without there being any evidence of cardiac damage. The latest studies have shown that elevated troponin levels in sera of hemodialysis patients point to an increased risk of future cardiac events in a similar manner to the elevated troponin values in sera of patients with unstable angina pectoris. In addition, the bedside tests for cTnT and cTnI alone- or together with myoglobin and CK-ME mass can be used instead of quantitative analyses in the diagnosis of patients with chest pain. These rapid tests are easy to perform and they do not require expensive instrumentation. For the diagnosis of patient with chest pain, routinely myoglobin and CK-ME mass measurements should be performed whenever they are requested (24 h/day) and cTnT or cTnI on admission to the hospital and then 4-6 and 12 hours later and maintained less than 10% in imprecision.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 2012

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of additives on the mechanical and electrical characteristics of electrodeposited copper foils. Additives A(leveler) and B(brightener) were used in this study and Cl ions were used as an accelerator. In case of using these additives A and B, it showed a disadvantage that decreased the elongation of electrodeposited layer due to decreased grain sizes and increased tensile strength. On the other hand, the Cl ions decreased the specific resistance of the copper layer and increased elongation owing to increasing grain sizes. The highest elongation and lowest resistivity were measured in the group added only Cl ions, whose values were 21.9% and $3.11{\mu}\Omega$-cm, respectively.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2009

Effect of baking on the physicochemical properties including pH, moisture content, hardness, color, and spread factor was investigated using a model system of cookies incorporated with strawberry powder as a value-added food ingredient. Strawberry powder was incorporated into cookie dough at 4 levels (0, 2, 4, and 6% w/w) by replacing equivalent amount of wheat flour of the cookie dough. After aging and sheeting, cookies were baked at 170$^{\circ}C$ for 15 min in an oven. The baked cookies were cooled to room temperature for 1 hr and packed in airtight bags prior to all measurements. The pH of dough and hardness of cookies decreased significantly with increase in strawberry powder content (p<0.05). Moisture content of the dough was not significantly affected by strawberry powder but mean values tended to increase as the strawberry powder content increased. Lightness (L$^{*}$-value) and yellowness (b$^{*}$-value) significantly decreased as the strawberry powder content increased; on the other hand, redness (a$^{*}$-value) increased significantly (p<0.05). Spread factor also increased significantly as the strawberry content increased in the formulation (p<0.05). Finally, correlation analysis indicated that level of strawberry powder incorporation was well-correlated with all the physicochemical properties studied. It is also noted that there was a significant positive correlation between the moisture content of dough and spread factor (p<0.05).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 2001

The effects of ortho- (R = H and CH3) and Y-substituents (Y = OCH3, CH3H and CN), which are directly attached to the carbonyl carbon, on the protonation equilibria of the para-X-substituted benzoyl derivatives, 4-X -2, 6-di-R-C6H2-C(=O)-Y, are investigated theoretically using the B3LYP method with 6-31+G* basis set. Structurally, both of the (B) and (BH+ ) forms in the species with R = H are nearly coplanar regardless of the Y-substituents implying that the steric repulsion between Y-substituent and R = H is relatively small. In the species with R = CH3 , the tortional angle (Θ) between the carbonyl moiety and aryl ring varies from zero to near right angle depending on the degree of steric repulsion between Y and R = CH3 and the resonance demand. However the reaction energies, ΔG°, for the protonation processes are more favorable for R = CH3 than for R = H due to stronger electron donating effect of R = CH3 , although the species with R = CH3 are unfavorable sterically. On the other hand, the Hammett type plots are progressively better correlated with б+ than with б values on going from Y = OCH3 to Y = CN for both species with R = H and CH3 indicating that the degree of resonance delocalization between carbonyl moiety and X-substituent is increased for a more electron accepting Y-substituent. Nevertheless the effects of R = CH3 on the magnitude of Hammett type reaction constants ( б or б+ ) are not much different from those of R = H.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.637-644
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to optimize the mandarin dry chip manufacturing using a response surface methodology. The experiment was designed based on a CCD (Central Composite Design), and the independent variables were the drying temperature ($X_1$, $50-90^{\circ}C$), drying time ($X_2$, 12-36 hours), and microwave pretreat time ($X_3$, 0-4 minutes). The results of appearance ($Y_5$), color ($Y_6$), taste ($Y_8$) and overall acceptance ($Y_{10}$) were fitted to the response surface methodology model ($R^2=0.86$, 0.88, 0.89, and 0.84, respectively). Increasing the drying temperature and microwave treatment time were negatively evaluated for consumer acceptance. On the other hand, a high value of consumer acceptance was evaluated when the drying time was more than 24 hr. Therefore, the optimal conditions of $X_1$, $X_2$, and $X_3$ were $52.989^{\circ}C$, 24 hr, and 1 min, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted values of $Y_5$, $Y_6$, $Y_8$, and $Y_{10}$ were 5.066, 5.338, 5.063, and 5.339, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.518-518
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• 2016

Agriculture is the lifeblood of the economy in Ghana, employs about 42% of the population work force and accounts for 30% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Corn (maize) is the major cereal crop grown as staple food under rain fed conditions, covers over 92% of the total agricultural area, and contributes 54% of the caloric intake. Issues of hunger and food insecurity for the entire nation are associated with corn scarcity and low production. The climate changes are expected to affect corn production in Ghana. This study evaluated variations of corn yields based on different climate conditions of rain-fed area in the Dangbe East District of Ghana. AquaCrop model has been used to simulate corn growing cycles in study area for this purpose. The main goal for this study was to predict yield of corn using selected climatic parameters from 1992 to 2013 using different climate scenarios. The Model was calibrated and validated using observed field data, and the simulated grain yields matched well with observed values for the season under production giving an R squared (R2)of 0.93 and Nash-Sutcliff Error(NSE) of 0.21. Study results showed that rainfall reduction in the range of -5% to -20% would reduce the yield from 1.315ton/ha to 0.421ton/ha (-21. 3%) whereas increasing temperature from 1% to 7% would result in the maximum yield reduction of -20.6% (1.315 to 1.09 ton/ha.). On the other hand, increasing rainfall from 5-20% resulted in yield increment of 68% (1.315-2.209 ton/ha) and decreasing temperature produce 7% increase in yield ( 1.315 to 1.401ton/ha). These results provide useful information to adopt strategies by the Government of Ghana and farmers for improving national food security under climate change.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2014

In this work, we report detailed numerical analysis of the near-elliptic core index-guiding triangular-lattice and square-lattice photonic crystal fiber (PCFs); where we numerically characterize the birefringence, single mode, cut-off behavior and group velocity dispersion and effective area properties. By varying geometry and examining the modal field profile we find that for the same relative values of $d/{\Lambda}$, triangular-lattice PCFs show higher birefringence whereas the square-lattice PCFs show a wider range of single-mode operation. Square-lattice PCF was found to be endlessly single-mode for higher air-filling fraction ($d/{\Lambda}$). Dispersion comparison between the two structures reveal that we need smaller lengths of triangular-lattice PCF for dispersion compensation whereas PCFs with square-lattice with nearer relative dispersion slope (RDS) can better compensate the broadband dispersion. Square-lattice PCFs show zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) red-shifted, making it preferable for mid-IR supercontinuum generation (SCG) with highly non-linear chalcogenide material. Square-lattice PCFs show higher dispersion slope that leads to compression of the broadband, thus accumulating more power in the pulse. On the other hand, triangular-lattice PCF with flat dispersion profile can generate broader SCG. Square-lattice PCF with low Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD) at the anomalous dispersion corresponds to higher dispersion length ($L_D$) and higher degree of solitonic interaction. The effective area of square-lattice PCF is always greater than its triangular-lattice counterpart making it better suited for high power applications. We have also performed a comparison of the dispersion properties of between the symmetric-core and asymmetric-core triangular-lattice PCF. While we need smaller length of symmetric-core PCF for dispersion compensation, broadband dispersion compensation can be performed with asymmetric-core PCF. Mid-Infrared (IR) SCG can be better performed with asymmetric core PCF with compressed and high power pulse, while wider range of SCG can be performed with symmetric core PCF. Thus, this study will be extremely useful for designing/realizing fiber towards a custom application around these characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.516-525
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• 2021

In this study, vin chaud were manufactured with eight types of vin chaud-bomb containing different amounts of ingredients, and Campbell Early wine. Samples were analyzed for pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, ethanol content, total polyphenol, and anthocyanins, and radical scavenging activities for antioxidant effect. Based on the results of this study the pH of the samples ranged from 3.34 to 3.41 and the total acidity of wines ranged from 0.55 to 1.00%. The alcohol contents of the vin chaud samples ranged from 3.8~5.8% to and the color intensity of the vin chaud samples was higher than that of the wine. Total polyphenol content was 145.90~262.98 mg% and the tannin content of the C-1 (236.90 mg%) was the highest among the samples. The ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the samples were 57.39~75.10% and 63.71~80.00% respectively. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity ranged from 21.54 to 33.49%, on the other hand, wine was not detected and tyrosinase inhibitory activity had the highest values (39.26%) in the C-1 sample. The findings of the present study provide insightful scientific information on vin chaud, and forms a basis for further innovations in the food and wine industry.