• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.44
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• pp.145-176
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• 2014

This study analyzed official duties and personnel practices of Hyangcheong(鄕廳), administrative organization in which sajok(士族) participate this office, and Jakcheong(作廳), hyangree(鄕吏)'s office, of Anbyeon of Hamgyeong Province in the 19th century. Although there have beeen somewhat of case study of Gyeongsang, Honam, etc., study on Hamgyeong Province has been almost nonexistent because of the limitation of materials. Hence, this paper specifically examined Hyangcheong and Jakcheong's official duties and personnel practices through an article of 'a list of Hyangcheong and Jakcheong's officials' of Anbyeon, newly found, which is in the possession of this writer. Especially, this study virtually traced individual ststus and family by analyzing Hyangcheong and Jakcheong's 40-official duties and a list of 330-ofiicial duties for sixs years. And then by comparing it against Jokbo(族譜), I have grasped 19-Famlily of them. Executives of Hyangcheong could be grasped as they were status of Yangban(兩班), but members of Jakcheong were hardly identified because they were status of hyangree, thus most of them were not enscrolled in Jokbo. Hyangcheong and Jakcheong's official duties could be found by compare it with other area in Ehubgi(邑誌) Hamgyeong Province. the features of officiak duties are as in the following. On general administrative organization, Sajok's Hayngcheong, Jakcheong as general administrative organization and Jangcheong(將廳) as police work existed. As Pyeongando and Hamgyeongdo were border areas, Jangcheong was independent and led other institutions. However, in Anbyeon, Hojang(戶長) of Hayngcheong and Jakcheong divided dudies and commanded. Hojang'role was higher than any other areas, Because Hojang is in charge of Jangcheong's functions. Jakcheong was centrally operated by Hojang, Eebang(吏房), and Hyeongbang(刑房), so-called 'Samgonghyeong(三公兄)', Whereas Anbyeon was operated by Hojang, Eebang, Chunchong(千摠). In the general areas, While Juasu(座首) Byeolgam(別監), Executive of Hyangcheong, manages each warehouse(倉) where the nation's tax revenues are kept, In Anbyeon besides Joasu, Hyangso(鄕所). The principle of Hyangcheong and Jakcheong's personnel practices was one-period, but there were many consecutive terms, every other year terms, or tranference into other area. Police work was assumed by specific persons because it was relatively specialized job, However in case of Ghamsaek(監色) of each warehouse(倉), Hyangso(鄕所) of Hyangcheong or Hojang of Jakcheong had held plural offices, and was solely responsible it. On the overall features of its operation, Hyangcheong held plural offices, but rotation was made only within Hyangcheong. On the other hand, in the case of Jakcheong, Hojang, Eebang, and even Buriebang circulated their positions, but the other Hyangree rotated each Saek(色) and Guamguan of each warehouse(倉). This writer confirmed that unlike Gyeongsang and Hamgyeong, Hyangcheoung or duties of Hyangree were not handed from generation to generation by several families and, many families shared their work by circulating positions.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.72
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• pp.257-282
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• 2016

The aim of this paper is to research phonological and morphological features in Korean Voices from Berlin. The Korean Voices from Berlin was recorded in 1917 at Berlin by 5 Korean prisoners engaged in World War I, some of them came from North Hamgyeong Province, the others came from Pyeongan Province, therefore these data show a North Korean regional dialect. The data are composed of three materials, counting numbers, reciting scriptures and singing folksongs. The results of this research are as follows. 1) The consonant system of Korean voices is similar to standard Korean. The 19 consonants are classified according to 5 manners of articulations and 5 points of articulations. 2) The liquid /l/ has three allophones, [ɾ] appeared in an onset position, [l] in a word medial coda position or preceded by [l], [ɹ] in a word final coda position. 3) The vowel system of Korean voices is similar to early 20th Korean's. It has 8 monophthongs, /a, ʌ, o, u, ɯ, i, e, ${\varepsilon}$/. 4) The 1 to 10 numbers in Korean voices are similar to Middle-Korean numerals. 5) The genitive particle '/ɯi/의' is pronounced [i], [ɯ], [${\varepsilon}$], especially [ɯ] is appeared in Sino Korean. 6) The /l/-deletion of conjugations are similar to Middle-Korean, /l/ deletion always occurred, if [+cor] consonants are followed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2015

This study was conducted in an effort to provide important clues pertaining to the conservation and restoration of Aporia crataegi by identifying the spatial distribution characteristics of the current habitats, prospective habitats, and future habitats of A. crataegi in accordance with climate changes. To determine the distribution of A. crataegi, data from a total of 36 collecting points throughout South Korea, North Korea, China, Japan, Mongolia, and Russia are used. The spatial distributions of the data were examined through MaxEnt modeling. The distribution probability rates exceeded 75% at 18 locations among the 36 species occurrence locations, with Gangwon province showing the highest distribution probability in South Korea. The precision of the MaxEnt model was remarkably high, with an AUC value of 0.982. The variables that affect the potential distribution of A. crataegi by more than 10% are the degree of temperature seasonality, the amount of precipitation in the warmest quarter, the annual mean temperature, and the amount of precipitation in the driest month, in that order of importance. It was found that the future potential distribution area of A. crataegi continuously moves northward over time up to 2070s. In addition, the area of the potential distribution showing a habitable probability rate that exceeds 75% in northeast Asia was $28,492km^2$, where the area of potential distribution in the north part of Korean peninsula was $20.404km^2$ in size. Thus, it is anticipated that the most important future habitats of A. crataegi in the northeast Asia will be North and South Hamgyeong provinces and Ryanggang province near Mt. Baekdoosan in the northern area of the Korean peninsula.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.197-215
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• 2016

As the number of dislocated North Korean students is increasing, the need and interest in supporting their learning are higher. We interviewed two dislocated female North Korean students who had studied middle school mathematics in North Hamgyeong Province and finished high school in South Korea. Two participants compared their student experiences of mathematics lessons in North Korea to mathematics lessons in South Korea. There exist differences but also similarities between mathematics lessons in South and North Korea. On Based on these interviews, we discuss some implication of two students' experiences on mathematics lessons and examinations.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.44-63
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• 2017

'Bukpo' is called 'Tongpo' or 'Balnaepo,' which respectively mean hemp fabric that goes into a small bamboo tube and women's table utensil 'bari' in Chosen. It is fine hemp fabric produced in Yukjin, Hamgyeong province. Korea has been divided into North and South since the Korean War in 1950. As it is hard to get information about Northern life style or their traditional technology, their hemp fabric production is also left unknown. This study demonstrates characteristics of the production of 'Bukpo' through "Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango", the only document that marked about 'Bukpo' making process of the late Chosen dynasty. It aims to analyze the transition of the technique and the meaning by comparing the characteristics of the production of 'Bukpo' with the modern era's documents. In this process, I discovered that the hemp fabric production technique at 19th century shares some sort of similarities with that of Europe or Chinese Miao(hmong). But the hemp fabric production technique changed before the 20th century. The evolution of Northern hemp fabric production technique can be a good example to examine the context of the traditional craft technique.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.38
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• pp.225-248
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• 2019

is a ritual song which is song in Mangmuk-gut of Hamgyeongdo. is known as it block sal(煞). The study on was done in comparison with . So it is necessary to discuss centering on , and to understand its ritual role with narrative. In this article, I have paid attention to the space of . The space is consisted of inside and outside the village. In the process of solving grudge of the deaths, I confirmed that the problem of the individual extends to the problem of the village. Although the problem is solved through the joint response of the villages, in the process the effect of the problem such as losing and sacrifice the members is in the whole village. So blocking Sal of the village is done for the complete solution. Furthermore, song in individual ritual, but it can be said that the function of the is extended to the role of the Maeul(village)-gut.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.39
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• pp.279-323
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• 2019

The musical characteristics of Fishing songs in North Korean which recorded on Anthology of North Korean Folk Songs were examined in this paper. The results are as follows. Among Fishing songs in North Korea, there are "Rowing Song," the "Song for Hauling Nets," and the "Song for Picking Up Fish" in songs related to walleye pollack fishing and in songs related to croaker fishing, the "Song for Dropping Anchor" and the "Full-Load-of-Fish Song" in songs related to croaker fishing, the "Song for Weighing Anchor," the "Song for Shaking Fish," the "Full-Load-of-Fish Rowing Song," and the "Song for Hanging Walleye Pollack" in songs related to walleye pollack fishing. There are the "Song for Setting a sail" and the "Song for catching shells" in Fishing songs in North Korea, too. In the rhythmic elements of Fishing songs in North Korea, the tempo of the "Songs for Setting a sail" is moderato, and that of the "Songs for Picking Up Fish" of songs related to anchovy or herring fishing is quite slow. "Rowing Songs"(croaker fishing) have various tempos but faster than moderato, and usually get faster and faster as time goes by. Most songs have 4/♩. time and there are some of 2, 3 or 5 time. Some songs use irregular time or 6 time overlapping 2 beats. The mode Menari is the most common tonal system used in fishing songs of North Korea. And the mode Susimga, the mode Changbutaryeong, the mode Nanbongga, and the mode Odolttogi are also used in the tonal system of Fishing songs in North Korea. There are shoutting intonations that have indefinite pitch, too. Modulation or interaction by the mode Changbutaryeong appeared in songs of the mode Menari. There is a tendency to favor a certain tonal system by category. Responsorial form is mostly used, but in the most cases, they were sung in solo. In responsorial songs, several calling songs overlap with the responding songs. Durchkomponiert form is sung by antiphon or in solo, but the case sung in solo originally seems to have been sung by antiphon or unison, if we consider the procedure of the work. The "Song for Picking Up Fish" of Seonbong-gun of North Hamgyeong Province and Yangyang-gun of Gangwon Province, the "Full-Load-of-Fish Song-Bongjuktaryeong" of Jeungsan-gun of South Pyeongan Province and "Full-Load-of-Fish Song-Baechigisory" of Taean-gun of South Chungcheong Province, "Rowing Song" of Nampo City and Ganghwa-gun of Gyeonggi Province are resembled. In neighboring areas, even if the songs of different categorys, sometimes share a same melody. In a certain category, sometimes a same melody is shared to a considerable distance. It was first identified that in anchovy or herring fishing or dybowskii' sand eel fishing, the "Song for Picking Up Fish" is widely shared in the East Sea Coast area.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.717-734
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• 2015

The Toyo Bunko (東洋文庫) in Tokyo, Japan is one of the largest library that holds the Korean old geographical documents. About 200 topographies of counties and prefectures, including Giinhansangnyang 杞人間商量 which recorded compilation and improvement plan of the geographical annals belong to it. Several maps and geographical annals of Joseon Period possessed in the Toyo Bunko are set high values on geography since the materials are only belong to it and have not yet been found in Korea. There are very important map collections including six copies of Daedongyeojido 大東輿地圖(1861, 1864) by Kim Jeongho(金正浩) and Suseonjeondo 首善全圖 by Kim, Jungho, collectible stamp of Maema Kyosaku(前間恭作) is imprinted on it, and Gangyeokjundo 疆域全圖 and Dongyeodo 東輿圖 which made with 20-ri and 10-ri grid, owned by Sidehara Daira(幣原坦). Especially Gwanbukjido 關北地圖 which is the northern border map recorded the Lee Sam's(李森) preface who served as a military official of Hamgyeong and Pyeongan Province in early 18th century. These maps and some other maps have a historical value to supplement of the history of Korean Cartography.