• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

Objectives : To assess the protective effects of wearing protective devices among the residents and volunteers who participated in the cleanup of the Hebei Spirit oil spill. Methods : A total of 288 residents and 724 volunteers were surveyed about symptoms, whether they were wearing protective devices and potential confounding variables. The questionnaires were administered from the second to the sixth week following the accident. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for metabolites of 4 volatile organic compounds(VOCs), 2 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), and 6 heavy metals. The association between the wearing of protective devices and various symptoms was assessed using a multiple logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables. A multiple generalized linear regression model adjusted for the covariates was used to test for a difference in least-square mean concentration of urinary biomarkers between residents who wore protective devices and those who did not. Results : Thirty nine to 98% of the residents and 62-98% of volunteers wore protective devices. Levels of fatigue and fever were higher among residents not wearing masks than among those who did wear masks(odds ratio 4.5; 95% confidence interval 1.23-19.86). Urinary mercury levels were found to be significantly higher among residents not wearing work clothes or boots(p<0.05). Conclusions : Because the survey was not performed during the initial high-exposure period, no significant difference was found in metabolite levels between people who wore protective devices and those who did not, except for mercury, whose biological half-life is more than 6 weeks.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.88-104
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• 1999

This study was carried out to classify the Hanjis into three groups that were indigenous Hanji, traditional Hanji, and improved Hanji handmade by paper making method according to the physical properties of each paper sheet such as tensile, bursting and tearing strength, folding endurance and fiber orientation in each layer. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The multi-layered Hanjis made by "Oebal" Hanji making method in different direction of fiber orientation have good properties in tearing resistance. 2. The multi-layered Hanji in different direction of fiber orientation has good properties in the tearing resistance, but the burst index and the breaking length results were lower than the single layered Hanjis. 3. The different fiber orientation and multi-layered method didn't increase, the three indexes(burst index, tear index, breaking length). Only, the different direction of fiber orientation decreased the difference of width and length strength (tensile, tear) of the Hanji. 4. "Dochim"(Korean finishing touch process for indigenous Hanji by fulling round sticks) greatly increase folding endurance(double folds, not $log_{10}$) and good effect to tensile strength and burst strength. 5. The today's Oebal Hanji were the maximum of 2 layers and the indigenous Oebal Hanji were 16 layers the maximum. In addition, average of the indigenous Oebal Hanji was 4 layers(all 4-layer Hanji were the different fiber orientation of each layer). 6, The indigenous Hanji(multi-layered, and different fiber orientation) was good condition with "Dochim". Dochim increased tensile strength and burst strength of the indigenous Hanji. So the three-strength indexes were similar level("--"). 7. When the number of layer which were same fiber orientation increase, the increased Hanji became similar strength pattern("V", breaking length and burst index was higher than tear index) with "Ssangbal" Hanji. 8. The single layered papers that made by "Oebal" Hanji making method were similar strength pattern with Ssangbal Hanji. 9. There was no way to find the width and length direction of multi-layered Hanji by comparison between the difference of tensile strength and the difference of tearing resistance. 10. The compared pattern of tensile strength and tearing resistance of indigenous Oebal Hanji was different from today's Oebal Hanji. Especially, the tearing resistance of all indigenous Oebal Hanji(16 samples) was stronger on width of tearing resistance. And in the half of indigenous Oebal Hanji samples, the width of tensile strength and tearing resistance was stronger than length strength (Indigenous Oebal: '$\ulcorner\lrcorner$' 50%, '$\bigcup$' 50% $\leftrightarrow$ Today's Oebal: '$\ulcorner\lrcorner$' 12%, '$\bigcup$'6%, '$\llcorner\urcorner$'17%, '$\bigcap$'65%). In 65% today's Oebal, the length direction of tensile strength and tearing resistance was stronger than the width direction.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.303-313
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• 2008

This research is aimed to investigate the cultivation method of oyster mushroom[Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer] at the non-sterilized medium with $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment. Therefore, experiments were carried out to develop non-sterilization method of medium by addition of $Ca(OH)_2$ for omission of heat sterilization progress of medium. General components, minerals and amino acid in Jiri wild type No. 1 (Pleurotus ostreatus) and production cost were analyzed. For the purpose of omission of heat sterilization progress, treatment ratio of $Ca(OH)_2$ (purity 95%) was 5%(w/w) of dry medium. Initial pH of this medium was 11 and then the pH was changed by 9 after the uniform mixing of the medium for half an hour. The various germs occurred 50% and 100% at pH 8 and pH 7 of the non-sterilized medium, respectively. Production of oyster mushroom increased by $2,030\;ton\;ha^{-1}$ when the main raw material used corn pith instead of waste cotton. The time required of mycelium culture was 30 days when hypha was cultured at the non-sterilized medium, and pinhead occurred when 2 or 3 days was passed after the time required of mycelium culture. Occurrence of pinhead was most rapid at the condition of $22{\sim}26^{\circ}C$, 65% humidity and pH $6.5{\sim}7.0$ and required of $22{\sim}28$ days at $70{\sim}80\;mm$ thickness of non-sterilized medium. Ca content in 1st harvest oyster mushroom was higher than that in 2nd harvest one, and its difference was $30.3\;mg\;kg^{-1}$. Amino acid content by stipe thickness of oyster mushroom was ranged from 411.2 to $343.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ both in a pileus and a stipe of 1st harvest mushroom, and from 402.4 to $498.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ and from 442.6 to $470.4\;mg\;kg^{-1}$ in those of 2nd harvest one, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that the non-sterilization medium by addition of $Ca(OH)_2$ is usable with the cultivation of oyster mushroom.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.574-583
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• 2005

To investigate the importance and practice of well-being related dietary life pattern such as purchasing food materials, food habits and eating out, a survey was conducted by questionnaire and 5-point Likert score in Seoul and Gyeonggi-Do, September, 2004 and April, 2005. The responses of 732 housewives who were over 40 years were analyzed by SPSS package program. The results were as follows. Most of them were 40-49 years(74.4%), graduated highschool (66.6%) and their family type was nuclear family type(81.4%). Almost half of them had full-time job (37.1%) and part time job (15.4%). The average importance score of 'food habits', 'purchasing food materials' and 'eating out' were $4.15{\pm}0.91,\;4.06{\pm}0.96\;and\;3.25{\pm}1.01$ respectively. But the average practice score of 'food habits' was greater($3.58{\pm}1.06$) than 'purchasing food materials ($3.19{\pm}1.19$)' and 'eating out($2.54{\pm}1.05$)'. Among 5 types of 'food habits', the type of 'cut down on eating fast food' had the greatest score of importances ($4.31{\pm}0.97$) but the difference between importance and practice was greatest(0.94). Also 'consume home-made food rather than processed or ready to food' showed great scores in importance ($4.28{\pm}0.87$) and practice($3.87{\pm}1.04$). 'Consume fruits and vegetables rather than meats' and 'avoid heavy use of oils' had the importance score of $4.04{\sim}4.19$. But the practice score of 'avoid heavy use of oils' was the lowest($3.39{\pm}0.97$). Among four types of purchasing of food materials, 'purchase domestic agricultural food' was greatest($4.37{\pm}0.78$) and 'don't purchase genetically modified food' 'purchase organic food' and 'purchase whole grain products' were also great ($3.92{\sim}3.99$). But the practice score of 'purchase organic/low chemical foods($2.77{\pm}0.98$)' and 'don't purchase genetically modified food($2.99{\pm}1.41$)' were lowest. 'Go to well being restaurant' in three types of 'eating out' showed greatest in importance($3.35{\pm}0.96$) but the practice score($2.47{\pm}0.10$) was lower than the importance score. Also 'choose menu with comparing calories' had the lower score in practice($2.45{\pm}1.06$) rather than importance score($3.22{\pm}1.03$). In regarding to 'food habits', the importance score were significantly affected by type of food expense (p<0.05) and health status (p<0.05). The importance score of 'purchase food materials' were significantly affected by the type of food expense (p<0.001), type of residence(p<0.05), and self assessment of weight(p<0.05). Monthly income, especially more 400 million won, was the commonly significant effector in practice score of 'purchase food materials' and 'eating out'.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1201-1211
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• 2018

The study compared the anti-aging, anti-adipogenesis, and anti-tumor effects of epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG) in various cancer cell lines (SNU-601, MKN74, AGS, MCF-7, U87-MG, and A-549) and normal cell lines (MRC-5 fibroblasts, dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells [DSC], and 3T3-L1 pro-adipocytes). Half inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values were significantly (p<0.05) higher in normal cell lines (~50 uM), when compared to that in cancer cell lines (~10 uM). For anti-aging effects, MRC-5 and DSC were exposed to 10 uM EGCG for up to five passages that did not display any growth arrest. Population doubling time and senescence-related ${\beta}-galactosidase$ ($SA-{\beta}-gal$) activity in treated cells were similar to untreated cells. For anti-adipogenic effects, mouse 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were induced to adipocytes in an adipogenic differentiation medium containing 10 uM EGCG, but adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells was not inhibited by EGCG treatment. For anti-tumor effects, the cancer cell lines were treated with 10 uM EGCG. PDT was significantly (p<0.05) increased in EGCG-treated SNU-601, AGS, MCF-7, and U87-MG cancer cell lines, except in MKN74 and A-549. The level of telomerase activity and cell migration capacity were significantly (p<0.05) reduced, while $SA-{\beta}-gal$ activity was highly up-regulated in EGCG treated-cancer cell lines, when compared to that in untreated cancer cell lines. Our results have demonstrated that EGCG treatment induces anti-tumor effects more efficiently as noted by decreased cell proliferation, cell migration, telomerase activity, and increased $SA-{\beta}-gal$ activity than inducing anti-aging and anti-adipogenesis. Therefore, EGCG at a specific concentration can be considered for a potential anti-tumor drug.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the residue patterns of two insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, commonly used for lettuce, under greenhouse conditions. The pesticides were sprayed with dilution of recommended and doubled doses onto lettuce. Their detection limits were $0.001\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and mean recoveries at the fortification levels of 0.2 and $1.0\;mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ were from 101.17 to 104.25 and from 99.70 to 103.77%, respectively. The pesticides were gradually decreased in lettuce with time. Biological half-lives of lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin were 1.7 and 1.4 days at the recommended dose and 1.8 and 1.4 days at the doubled dose, respectively. Initial residue amounts of lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin at the recommended and doubled doses exceeded their MRLs. However, the residue levels of the pesticides in the crop sampled at harvest were less than their MRLs. The ratios of the estimated daily intake (EDI) to acceptable daily intake (ADI) by intake the crop harvested 10 days after spraying were less than 1% of their ADIs.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2011

In this study, antioxidative effects and inhibitory effects of Geum aleppicum Jacq. extracts on tyrosinase and elastase were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of G. aleppicum Jacq. extract ($4.70\;{\mu}g$/mL) showed the most prominent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity (FSC50). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activities ($OSC_{50}$) of some G. aleppicum Jacq. extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the most prominent ROS scavenging activity ($0.22 \;{\mu}g$/mL). The protective effects of extract/fraction of G. aleppicum Jacq. against the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The G. aleppicum Jacq. extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner ($1{\sim}25{\mu}g$/mL), particularly the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most prominent celluar protective effect (${\tau}_{50}$, 416.20 min at $10 \;{\mu}g$/mL). The inhibitory effect of G. aleppicum Jacq. extracts on tyrosinase and elastase were investigated to assess their whitening and anti-winkle efficacy. The half maximal inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of the ethyl acetate fraction on tyrosinase was $95.23\;{\mu}g$/mL. The $IC_{50}$ of 50 % ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction on elastase were $6.27 \;{\mu}g$/mL and $4.31 \;{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. These results indicate that extract/fraction of G. aleppicum Jacq. can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Especially the ethyl acetate fraction of G. aleppicum Jacq. extracts could be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antioxidant, antiaging.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.626-631
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the physical characteristics (height, body lenght, chest depth, head type, ear type, body color, eye type and tail type) and genetic diversity using 15 microsatellite DNA markers (PEZ 1, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, FHC 2010, FHC 2054 and FHC 2079) in 44 random Miryang native dogs(6 months${\sim}$12 years old). The height, body lenght, and chest depth of Miryang native dogs were 43-55 cm(mean 49.5 cm), 45-60 cm(mean 54.3 cm), and 50-64 cm(mean 57.9 cm), respectively. Miryang native dog was medium sized. The head and eye type were reverse-triangle(100%), triangle (90.9%) and newborn moon(9.1%), respectively. Most of body color had white coat color(93.2%), light pink tongue color(100%), light black anal color(90,9%) and pink claw color(100%). The ear type showed erect ear(100%), and half-curled(56.8%), upward(34.1%), curled(9.1%) in tail type, respectively. Number of alleles observed at a single locus ranged from 2 (PEZ 21 and FHC 2010) to 14 (PEZ 13), with average number of alleles per locus of 6.13. The expected heterozygosities of 15 microsatellite loci were estimated based on gene frequencies. The highest expected heterozygosity, 0.863 was estimated in PEZ 13 locus and the lowest, 0.455 in PEZ 21 and FHC 2010 locus. And the mean expected heterozygosity of 15 microsatellite markers was calculated as 0.635. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values were ranged from 0.348 (PEZ 21 and FHC 2010) to 0.837 (PEZ 13), and the mean PIC value was calculated as 0.570. Of the 15 markers, PEZ 10, PEZ 13, PEZ 17 and FHC 2054 loci have relatively high PIC value (> 0.7) in Miryang native dog. In order to determine the efficieney of parentage control, exclusion probabilities (PE) were calculated for each allele. The highest PE 1 and PE 2 in PEZ 13 locus was caculated to 0.548 and 0.710, respectively. And the total exclusion power in PE 1 and PE 2 was calculated to 0.9895 and 0.9996, respectively. These results can give basic information for perservation and research in Miryang native dog, and phylogenetic relationships of the Korean native dog and Asian dog breeds.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2015

Heat conditioning at an early age has been known to help chickens cope with heat stress later in life. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of heat conditioning at 5 days of age in broilers repeatedly exposed to high ambient temperature later in life. A total of 256 day-old Arbor Acre boiler chicks were housed in two identical rooms with a 23-h light/1-h dark cycle and provided with feed and water ad libitum. At 5 days of age, the birds in one room were exposed to $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, while those in the other room served as controls. On day 21, half of the birds in each room were moved into the other room so that each room contained both control and heat-conditioned birds. After a 7-day adaptation period, the birds in one room were exposed to high ambient temperature ($21^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}31^{\circ}C$) for 3 days, whereas those in the other room were kept at normal temperature. The same 3-day exposure to high ambient temperature was repeated two weeks later. Hence, there were four treatment groups (CON+CON: control+control; CON+HS: control+high ambient temperature; HC+CON: heat conditioning+control; and HC+HS: heat conditioning+high ambient temperature). Repeated heat stress resulted in decreased feed intake, water intake, body weight gain, and spleen weight (p<0.05) and increased rectal temperature (p<0.05), mortality, and plasma corticosterone concentrations. The relative weight of the spleen was increased in the heat-conditioned group (p<0.05). Plasma biochemicals were also influenced by high temperature. Thus, no beneficial effects of heat conditioning at an early age were detected in broilers repeatedly exposed to high ambient temperature later in life.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2004

Purpose: Population using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the cost or it are increasing all over the world. In this study, we investigated the utilization state of CAM in the elderly people during the last 6 months of life. Methods: We found 4,210 persons in Seoul, older than 65 years who received a funeral subsidy from health insurance after death during the latter half of the year, 2001. We stratified them by age and gender and selected 301 persons and surveyed them by questionnaire. Results: 247 persons (83.1%) used at least one of CAM during their last 6 months of life. Diet and Nutrition remedy showed the highest utilatization rate (65.5%), and drug therapies also were much used (29.9%). Utilization rate was higher in female (60%) and according to the cause of death, the highest in a geriatric disease groups, and the lowest in the cancer group. Whole satisfaction to CAM was high with average 4.25 points out of total 6, and adverse effects were almost free with average 5.55 points out of total 6. Satisfaction was the highest in Diet and Nutrition remedy but the lowest in Manipulative and Body-Based methods. Adverse-effect score was best in Manipulative and Body-Based methods. According to age and the causative disease of death, there were significant differences in satisfaction and adverse effect levels. Conclusion: Majority of old people used at least one of CAM during their last 6months of life. Whole satisfaction and adverse-effect level were very excellent.