• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-71
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• 2006

Due to the rapid process of industrialization the cities of Korea confront changes of climate, destructions of the habitate and decrease of the green. Recently Seoul and other local governments have implemented policies and projects to improve the environmental surroundings. In reality, however, those policies and projects face difficulties in the course of implementation. The fact that there are no concrete regulations and specific legal procedures turns out to be one of the main difficulties. The aim of this study is to present specific plans and methods of wall-planting and to provide basic guidelines for the future direction of wall-planting and offer ideas of facilitating wall-planting. This study is based on questionnaires from specialists of landscape architecture through individual interviews and/or e-mails. The questionnaire is consisted of following 4 sections. 1. Show the experts current regulations and/or legal procedures and ask them improvements and suggestions. 2. Ask them choose matters of the highest priority by using Ricardo's diagram method. 3. Ask them to make a graded list in terms of the location and method of wall-planting. 4. Study the maketability of the wall-planting products currently in circulation. The city of Seoul and the Ministry of Environment recommend that trellis and/or planting inducement structures be installed on the building wall by regulation. The specialists responded to the questionnaire advocate that green wall without trellis should be allowed as green zone. Therefore regulations concerning the wall-planting should be determined specifically according to the characteristics of individual plants and walls. It has been urged that legal aid and social support must be reinforced to establish rules dealing with wall-planting. The respondents also point out that significant cutting down of the tax is far more effective in accelerating the wall-green instead of administrative support. The highest priority in terms of planting has been given to sound-proof wall, retaining wall and building wall. Concerning the maketability of the wall-planting products, panel products are recommended for early-planting and building planting. It has been suggested that the research and study of new materials and species be done in advance.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Rice paddies not only produce food but also provides wildlife habitats. Although more than half agricultural land of South Korea is rice paddy, a few studies have been conducted in rice paddy ecosystem. We investigated a status of bird using a rice paddy in South Korea using published data. METHODS AND RESULTS: Birds using a rice paddy have been defined as birds which breed, rest or forage on rice paddy, bank, reservoirs or irrigation ditches. According to the publication from 1980s, birds using a rice paddy were total 47 families 279 species. Scolopacidae and Charadriidae (18%), Falconidae, Accipitridae and Strigidae (12%) and Anatidae (11%) used a rice paddy. Half of bird species using a rice paddy visited a dried rice paddy during the winter and 39.4% of them used a flooded rice paddy in spring, autumn or summer. Dependency on a rice paddy was high in ducks, egrets, cranes, and shorebirds. Population of dabbling ducks has decreased for last 12 years while cranes have increased. CONCLUSION(S): Rice paddies provide both migratory and terrestrial birds including endangered species for habitate all through the year in Korea.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.315-319
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• 2008

Glow-light tetra, Hemigrammus erythrozonus is a teleost belonging to Characidae. The natural habitate of this fish is the wild in the Essequibo river, Guyana and South America. The oogenesis of glow-light tetra was investigated by light microscopy to compare with those of other families. A pair of ovary was located between swim bladder and intestines. The ovary was of white color and ellipsoidal shape with the major axis 11 mm and the minor axis 4 mm. Cytoplasm of oogonia was basophilic and many nucleoli were located at inside of nuclear membrane. In primary oocytes, yolk vesicles were distributed only in the marginal area and egg envelope was not formed on the outside of an egg. In secondary oocytes, the egg envelope was formed and yolk vesicles in the cytoplasm were increased than the earlier stage. The amount of basophilic substance was decreased. In case of matured egg, thickness of egg envelope and size of egg were increased, basophilic substance was distributed in only around the egg envelope. The yolk vesicles were changed to yolk mass in accordance with development. In conclusion, the oogenesis of glow-light tetra, Hemigrammus erythrozonus was characterized by the increase in cell size, the formation and accumulation of yolk, and the decrease of basophilia a in the cytoplasm. The oogenesis of glow-light tetra seems to share common patterns in Characidae, teleost and have a similar pattern with other teleost.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.13-20
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the growth and physiological characteristics of Polystichum lepidocaulon native fern as affected by soil mixture as an environment modeled on habitate where was sunken-condition. 1. Polystichum lepidocaulon grew well sunken more than non-sunken condition. Under soil mixture of field soil : sand : leaf mold, Plant height, frond width, frond length, stipe length and ornamental value were increased compared with the other soil mixture. 2. Fresh and dry weight of fronds were higher with non-sunken than sunken condition. In sunken condition, fresh and dry weight were better with field soil : sand : leaf mold than the other soil mixture. 3. Number of spore fronds were increased with sunken condition. As sunken condition, sand : leaf mold was better than field soil : sand : leaf mold or leaf mold. 4. Photosynthetic rate, $CO_2$ absorption rate and water efficiency were higher with field soil : sand : leaf mold than that of sand : leaf mold or leaf mold. expect of stomatal conduction and $CO_2$ use efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.848-856
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact on settlement pattern of wintering swans by distribution of rapidly spreading lotus in Junam reservoir. When we investigated the relationship between the spreading lotus and population variation of the wintering swans in all around Nakdong-river estuary, the spreading lotus did not affect the number of swans in Junam reservoir. The occupation ratio of lotus distribution continuously increased from 13.2%(2013) to 19.0%(2014). Before we begin with the investigation, we compared two particular groups: inside of lotus community and far (>100 m) water area from the border of lotus community. At the first survey(2013.12.17), we observed 3.1 times more swan population in the inside, comparing with far water area. The third(2014.01.29.) and fourth(2014.12.03) inquiries also showed respectively 5.5 and 7.5 times higher swan population in the inside and near water area. The second observation was conducted during visitors were increased so these phenomenon was not observed. This result might be explained as the similar environmental condition of habitate for swan and lotus such as less than 1 m water depth. However, we considered that lotus and swan were not relation of conflict due to increasing both lotus community and swan population at the same time. According to the observation that inhabitation density of wintering swans is significantly high in near lotus communities area, at least spread of lotus did not negatively affect the wintering swans.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.13-20
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• 2019

Objectives : To ensure the safety, quality and pharmacological efficacy of Batryticatus Bombyx, it is important to discriminate with adulterants. In Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeias (KHP), the authentic species of Batryticatus Bombyx is defined only Bombyx mori. Therefore, the aim of this study is establishment of PCR assay method using the sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker based on COI DNA barcode for discriminating six species related to Batryticatus Bombyx. Methods : Seventeen samples of six species (Bombyx mori, Bombyx mandarina, Rhodinia fugax, Oberthueria caeca, Actias artemis, and Caligula japponica) were collected from different habitate and nucleotide sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI) barcode regions were analyzed by Sanger sequencing methods. To develop SCAR-based PCR assay method, we designed species-specific primers based on COI sequence variabilities and verified those specificities using 17 samples of six species as well as commercial herbal medicines. Results : In comparative multiple analysis of COI sequences, six species were distinguished by species-specific nucleotides at the species level. To develop rapid and reliable PCR assay method for genetic authentication of Batryticatus Bombyx, therefore, we designed species-specific SCAR primers based on these nucleotide sequences and confirmed those specificities. Using these SCAR primers, We also established simple conventional PCR assay method using these SCAR primers at the species level. Conclusions : The comparative analysis of COI sequences and SCAR-based PCR assay methods represented equal results for distinguishing authentic Batryticatus Bombyx and adulterations at the species level. Therefore, our results are expected protecting adulteration of herbal medicine Batryticatus Bombyx.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2016

Macrofauna and community structure were investigated seasonally at five sites in subtidal zone of Uljin on the east coast of Korea from March 2010 to February 2013. A total of 146 species were collected and identified, including 67 molluscs, 27 arthropods, and 8,688 individuals, including 6,468 arthropods, 1,098 molluscs and 584 echinoderms. In the seasonal investigation, summer has been the highest in 96 species and 2,525 number of individuals. Site 4 was the highest species but number of individuals were the lowest (81 species with 1,377 number of individuals), whereas site 3 was the lowest species and number of individuals were the highest (45 Species with 2,213 number of individuals). These result indicate that Balanus species affected to richness and the other side a gastropod influence by diversity and evenness. And site 3 seems to be good habitate environment for Balanus as the result of 83.4% of Balanus rather than other sites.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2008

In Korea, Quercus acutissima distributed in good condition with high nutrients and moisture content, but Quercus variabilis in dry soil or rock habitate. In order to understand this ecological distribution of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis, we cultivated the seedlings of two oak species treated with light, soil moisture and nutrient gradients each four level, from May to October in glass house. Then we measured the ecological niche breadth and niche overlap of the two species, and analyzed the relationship of competition using cluster analysis and PCA ordination. Ecological niche breadths of Q. acutissima under moisture and nutrient treatments were slightly wider than those under light one. Among 14 characters measured, 6 characters related with length items were wider in all the environmental treatments, but 8 characters connected with weight terms narrower in light treatment. Ecological niche breadths of Q. variabilis under moisture and nutrient treatment were wider than those of light one. Ecological niche of Q. acutissima was wider than those of Q. variabilis in all the environmental treatments. Ecological overlap between two species was higher with a range of 0.87$\sim$0.92, especially higher in soil moisture factor. These results means that Q. acutissima is more competitive than Q. variabilis, especially in soil moisture condition. Two species were ordinated with distinct group based on 9 characters. From these results, it can be explained that what Q. variabilis distributed in bad soil condition is due to the escape strategy, because of its low competitive ability to Q. acutissima in natural communities.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.2 s.85
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• pp.182-186
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• 1998

The result of study on the morphological feature of fruitbody, soil characteristics and enviromental condition of habitat of Tricholoma giganteum in Korea was as follows: The Pileus was $5.5{\sim}28.0\;cm$ in diameter and $1.5{\sim}3.7\;cm$ in thickness, indicating of yellowish white, beige, or ivory color. The lamellae were $18{\sim}20\;mm$ in diameter; the stipe was $9.0{\sim}35.7\;cm$ long and $1.0{\sim}3.0\;cm$ wide. The spores were $3.5{\sim}4.8{\times}5.7{\sim}7.4\;{\mu}m$ in size, ellipsoid, hyaline and the spore deposit white. The basidia were $6.1{\sim}7.0{\times}32.2{\sim}39.2\;{\mu}m$ in size. Cheiloystidia were $3.5{\sim}4.4{\times}30.5{\sim}33.1\;{\mu}m$ in size. Pileipellis were $3.3{\sim}4.4{\times}33.0{\sim}55.0\;{\mu}m$ wide and had clamp connection. Stipitipellis were $2.2{\sim}3.3{\times}88.0{\sim}93.1\;{\mu}m$ in size. Texture of soil in habitate of T. giganteum was silty loam, and organic materials content and available phosphate content in this soil were high as comparision to general soil in Korea. In the time of the mushrooms sprout, the room temperature indicated $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, their humidity showed $80{\sim}83%$, and the brightnesses were 328 Lux.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.164-170
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• 2011

Amanita hemibapha is a kind of mycorrhizal mushroom which has a relation with host plants and environmental factors. For the purpose of studying the relationship between environmental factors and mushrooms, in this study we conducted to investigate the soil physicochemical properties, the distribution of plants and the diversity of mushrooms in Gwangyang, Chungdo and Daegu. Soil texture in habitate of Amanita hemibapha was Sandy Loam and Sandy Clay Loam which contains a high rate of sand. Soil pH was approximately 5.0 in all study sites. Total nitrogen contents, C/N ratio and available phosphate($P_2O_5$) were the highest at the Chungdo. However, Gwangyang and Chungdo represent similar Cation Exchange Capacity(C.E.C) and Daegu has much less than other areas. Exchangeable cations, $Ca^{2+}$ content was higher at Gwangyang and Chungdo than Daegu and $Na^+$ content was the highest at Chungdo among three sites. Daegu has much $Mg^{2+}$ contents followed by Chungdo and Gwangyang. Interestingly, $K^+$ content listed in reverse order of $Mg^{2+}$ at Gwangyang, Chungdo and Daegu. The main woody plants in study sites are confirmed as Carpinus laxiflora, Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata and Pinus densiflora. Quercus species are found as a common species in three study sites. Lastly, 8 family and 12 species of mushrooms are emerged in Gwangyang, also 8 family and 12 species and 5 family and 10 species are found in Chungdo and Daegu, respectively. Amanita pantherina, Boletus edulis, Tylopilus felleus and Marasmius maximus, which found in study sites, are also kind of mycorrhizal mushroom same as A. hemibaph. By using correspondence analysis, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis and C. laxiflora are expected to as a host plant of A. hemibapha.