• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking and/or alcohol drinking on the nutrient intake, nutritional status, and eating habits of adult males. The subjects were 157 male adults aged 20-49 living in Daejon. Interviews with questionaire on smoking and alcohol drinking habits and eating habits, anthropometric measurement, biochemical blood test, and dietary assessment by one-day 24 hour recall and two-day diet record were carried out. The subjects were divided into four groups : control (non-smoking and non-drinking), drinking only, smoking only, and the both(drinking and smoking). The average numbers of smoked cigarettes were 17.8/d and 19.1/d in the smoking only group and the both group, respectively. The frequency of alcohol drinking was 8.3 times/month and 11.6 times/month in the drinking only group and the both group, respectively. Height was significantly higher(P 0.05) in the drinking only group than in the none and smoking only groups, while the other anthropometric indices were not different among the four groups. There were positive correlations between smoking and drinking or coffee intake. Alcohol drinking increased eating-out frequency and the intakes of energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, B$_1$,$ B_6,$ Fe and P, while smoking decreased snack frequency and intakes of energy, protein and vitamin $ B_6,$. Blood pressure was not changed in the smoking only and drinking only groups compared to the none group, while systolic blood pressure was elevated in both group(P 0.05). Alcohol drinking significantly elevated(P 0.05) serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholestrol level, while smoking did not change the serum lipid and cholesterol levels. Hemoglobin nd MCHC levels were significantly elevated(P 0.05) by smoking. From these data, it is suggested that both smoking and drinking have influence on some eating habits and nutrient intakes, and especially alcohol drinking can induce hypercholesterolemia.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.604-615
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits of smokers and non-smokers among a few male university students residing in Changwon-si and factors that affect their smoking behavior. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted for a duration of one month in June 2015 (n=367). The results of this study showed that the breakfast skipping rate of the smoking group was significantly higher compared to the non-smoking group (p<0.001), and the smoking rate was significantly higher among those with more serious smoking problems (p<0.001). Compared to the non-smoking group, the smoking group showed significantly higher BMI (body mass index) (p<0.05) and demonstrated significant drinking habit of more liquid type yogurt among milk and dairy products and significantly more coffee mixes among fat, oils, and sugars (p<0.05). The results of multiple regression analysis showed the necessity to prepare smoking systems in school (t=-2.87, p<0.05), encumbrances to studies due to smoking (t=-3.59, p<0.001), and variables that affect smoking such as the number of close friends who smoke (t=4.17, p<0.001), BMI (t=3.08, p<0.05), and the level of problematic drinking (t=3.67, p<0.001). The results of this study suggest factors that must be considered in establishing smoking prevention education programs, anti-smoking policies, and strategies for university students.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify determine factors for blood VOCs levels in college students. Methods: Venous blood samples were collected from healthy 29 male and 25 female volunteers. The samples were analyzed with solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results: Blood concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-,p-xylene, o-xylene were higher in smoking group than in non-smoking group. Geometric means of smoking group and non-smoking group were 0.45 and $0.36{\mu}g/L$ in benzene, 0.82 and $0.47{\mu}g/L$ in toluene, 0.44 and $0.41{\mu}g/L$ in ethylbenzene, 0.49 and $0.39{\mu}g/L$ in m-,p-xylene and 0.47 and $0.43{\mu}g/L$ in o-xylene, respectively. Gender, alcohol drinking, coffee, commuting time (30 minutes) by a car and adjacency between home and road were not associated with increasing blood VOCs concentrations of college students. Conclusion: Smoking habit was significantly associated with blood concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-,m-,p-xylene in college students.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the influence of knowledge, attitude and preventive health behavior of cancer on nicotine dependency in male college students who have a habit of smoking. Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the 254 male college students who smoke in D and S city. The data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: Knowledge about lung cancer (${\beta}=-.407$, p<.001), preventive health behaviors about cancer (${\beta}=-.223$, p<.001) and the smoking period ($5years{\leq}$) (${\beta}=.198$, p=.001) were identified as the factors influencing nicotine dependency of the subjects. The model explained 33% of variance in nicotine dependency (F=20.49, p<.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that anti-smoking educators should include the strategies to increase knowledge about lung cancer and preventive health behaviors of cancer, and to reduce the smoking period in their smoking cessation program.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the level of knowledge on preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and nicotine dependency among smoking male college students, and to examine the predicting factors of nicotine dependency. Methods: This study was conducted as cross-sectional descriptive research using structured questionnaires. Data were collected from 411 smoking male college students ($22.5{\pm}2.59$ yr) at two universities located in two cities in Korea from September 2012 to April 2013. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate age-adjusted odds ratios of nicotine dependency. Results: The mean value of nicotine dependency was $4.2{\pm}1.96$ and the percentage of participants who had strong nicotine dependency (${\geq}7$) was 10.7%. Logistic regression analysis showed that, when adjustment was made for age, nicotine dependency was predicted by the frequency of alcohol drinking (${\geq}3$ times/week), knowledge on CVD prevention, the age starting drinking, and the total length of smoking. Conclusion: Nicotine dependency was strongly related to the frequency of drinking alcohol and lower knowledge on CVD prevention. Therefore, male college students who have a dependent smoking habit and drink alcohol frequently need to take more interest in health through educational counseling to modify their lifestyle behaviors and to have preventive knowledge related to CVD.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.91-100
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• 1998

This study aims to investigate smoking patterns in high school student and to give student smoker effective information. The sample of 250 male highschool students out of two different schools in Tae-Jon was questioned from July 10th to 15th. 1995. In analyzing these date. the statistics shows the realities by means of number of students. The results are summarized into 17 items as follows. Regarding the level of smoking. 140 students out of 250 admit that they have ever smoked. 52.1% of smoking students say that the motivation of beginning smoking is mainly curiosity. The survey shows that 22.9% of smoking students feel very good when smoking. It also shows that 30.0% of smoking students began smoking in the first grade of high school. With regard to the volume of smoking per day. 41.4% of smoking students smoke variably. 42.1% drink when smoking. 15.0% spend more than W 70.000 a month. About the question who knows the fact of their smoking. 51.5% answer that their friends know the fact of their smoking. In regard to the resaltionship between smoking and school per-formance. 18.2% of non smoking students make poor grades as compared with 40% of smoking students. 9.3% of smoking students say that they are satisfied with the school life. but 35.7% of them are not satisfied. Regarding the attitude to smoking teachers. 35% of smoking students state that they are affected by them. 69.3% of smoking students say that they will stop smoking. while the remaining 30.7% say that they will keep smoking. The reason of 63.9% to stop smoking is that smoking is bad for the health. The reason of 46. 5% to keep smoking is the acquired habit of smoking. 97.2% know the fact that the major element of cigarettes is nicotine and it is very harmful to the health. 40.8% recognize the harmful effect of smoking by TV and radio programs. 97.2% know that smoking could cause lung cancer. From the above results. I propose as follows We should make specific plan to keep smoking by simple curiosity from being developed into habitual smoking. We should teach them how harmful smoking is and make them stop smoking by themselves. It is very essential for family members and teachers to give continuous interest since childhood. As the teacher affect the students very much, they should give up smoking first. The incidence of smoking should be identified in each of the middle and high schools. smoking prohibition programs relevant to each school should be developed and implemented. The local community should ban cigarette vending machines. Cigarettes should not be sold to adolescents. By setting every place where adolescents gather including schools nonsmoking area. we should decrease their impulse to smoke. then smoking opportunities. and harmful effects to them caused by passive smoking.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1919-1923
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• 2013

Background: Smoking is known as a major risk factor for different types of cancer, as well as cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence is increasing in developing countries. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of smoking and its associated factors among the population aged 40-64 years in the city of Shahroud which is a representative urban population in Iran. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study with stratified random cluster sampling was conducted in 2009 as the first phase of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. Of 6,311 people, 5,190 participated (82.2%). Information about smoking habit was obtained by face-to-face interview. Results: The overall prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 11.3% (95%CI: 10.5-12.3). It was significantly higher among males than females (25.7% and 0.71%, P<0.001). The prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 10.8% and 1.75% were past smokers. The smoking rate of water-pipe was 0.67%. Unemployed people smoked more than employed (OR=2.66, 95%CI: 1.38-5.14). Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking is low in Shahroud compared with other parts of Iran and other countries. Age, sex, job and marital status were associated with smoking. The low smoking rate among women may be attributed to cultural and social reasons.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-56
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• 1983

It is well known that smoking habit is hazardous to health, especially for juvenile. The present study on smoking behavior of high school students in Seoul has two major objectives. The first objective is to find out the smoking behavior of high school students in Seoul. Toward this objective, individual's smoking experience has been examined as ever smoking and never smoking. The second objective is to determine the variables associated with their smoking behavior at the individual, family and school environment levels. For the data collection, the survey was carried out for the four high schools in Seoul from September 15 through October 15, 1982. The major findings are summarized as follows: 1. Smoking behavior of the students 1) Out of 1,278 respondents, 30.2% of them were found to be current smokers and 29.3% of them were former smokers. This implies that around 60% of school students in Seoul have experienced smoking. 2) A significant differences in the current smoking rates between two types of the school students were shown as 19.3% for day-time school and 42% for night-time school. 3) In terms of the current smoking behavior, the students who don't live with parents were higher in smoking rate than those of the living with parents. 2. Attitudes and knowledge about smoking 1) Attitudes of students toward smoking in high school days were shown that around 17% of them agreed with it and around 64% of them disagreed with it. 2) Around 99% of the respondents answered that their smoking is harmful for health. A source of the information about negative effects of smoking on health was 'Radio and TV' (23.9%) as the most influential, 'school teacher' (20.9%), 'Newspaper' (18.2%) and so on. 3. Behavioral analysis for the current smokers 1) The factors affected for motivation in the first smoking were 'curiosity' (59.7%), 'temptation of friend' (19.7%), 'resistance feeling, (7.1%), 'merely interest and pleasure' (6%) respectively. 2) The time of the first smoking was 'third grade of Junior-high school' (31.5%) as highest, 'first grade of Senior-high school' (23.7%) and 'second grade of Junior-high school' (14.7%). 3) An average daily number of cigarettes consuming of current smokers was seven cigarettes. 4. Family and school-mates influences on individual's smoking behavior 1) The data revealed a significant relationship between student's smoking and their parent's smoking behavior. Around 75% of the students whom both parents are smoking have experienced cigarette smoking. It was found that the individual's smoking behavior was influenced by his sibling. Around 65% of the students whom brothers are smoking have experienced cigarette smoking. 2) The 'Smoking-Index' of friendship network or a group explained individual's smoking behavior in the group. The result of dyad analysis of smoking behavior in the friendship network showed that a high score of 'Smoking-Index' tended to be explained an adoption of smoking behavior at the individual level in the group. on the other hand, a low score of 'Smoking-Index' explained non-smoking behavior in the group.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.217-220
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• 2012

This prospective study records the tobacco related habits among the relatives of patients with advanced head and neck cancers who underwent both surgery and chemotherapy as part of their treatment from September 2009 to March 2010. A total of 200 relatives were interviewed (148 males and 52 females). 198 (99%) were aware of the fact that tobacco use can lead to cancer and 168 (84%) had any one of the habits. Smoking alone was reported in 36 (18%) individuals, pan chewing alone in 66 (33%) and multiple habits in 64 (32%). Alcohol and tobacco chewing alone was reported in one case each. There were change in habits following diagnosis of head and neck cancers among the relatives, 33 (16.5%) stopped their habits and smoking was reduced by 25% in 72 (36%)and by 50% in 63 (31.2%) individuals. However, 135 continued the habit even after the diagnosis of cancer in their relatives. Of note, 15 out of the 33 who quit the habit did it because of health advice given to them during the hospital visit.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between the eating behavior, physical and mental health. For this purpose, the data was collected by using questionnaires and intervews distibuted to 293 the elderly residing in Seoul. This study was designed to observe the eating behavior(eating habit, healthy food preference, smoking, drinking), physical health(weight, height, desease and heath of the current and past, self-awareness of the health) and mental health(weight, height, desease and heath of the current and the past, self-awareness of the health) and mental health(meeting, excursion, exercise, service, activi ty, depression). The major results are: 1. The heathy elderly had the better eating habit and the non healthy tried to stop smoking and drinking for their own health. 2. There were many elderly with neuralgia and arthralgia, especially women were worse. The sleep disorder related to many disease. When physical health was bad, so was mental health. 3. More than 50 percentage of subjects had light depression, especially women and the elderly at 60-75age were more serious. The depressive elderly had no meetings, excursion, exercise, service activity and showed a hight tendency for under-weight or obesity. In conclusion, the relationship between the eating behavior and physical and mental health wa very significant, so it was necessary to provide comfortable living condition to the elderly.