• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2013

To develop a new whitening agent for cosmetics, we investigated the inhibitory effects of biochanin A on melanogenesis. The biochanoin A is an active component in the extracts of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen. It reduced melanin contents of B16F1 melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner and decreased to about 48% at a concentration 10 ${\mu}g/mL$. It also inhibited the expression in microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF), Tyrosinase, Tyrosinase related protein 1 (Trp-1), and Tyrosinase related protein 2 (Trp-2) in melanocytes. The results suggested that biochanin A has considerable potential as a cosmetics ingredient with a whitening effect.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.194-204
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• 2008

The online collection of coarse-grained traffic information, such as the total number of flows, is gaining in importance due to a wide range of applications, such as congestion control and network security. In this paper, we focus on an active queue management scheme called SRED since it estimates the number of active flows and uses the quantity to indicate the level of congestion. However, SRED has several limitations, such as instability in estimating the number of active flows and underestimation of active flows in the presence of non-responsive traffic. We present a Markov model to examine the capability of SRED in estimating the number of flows. We show how the SRED cache hit rate can be used to quantify the number of active flows. We then propose a modified SRED scheme, called hash-based two-level caching (HaTCh), which uses hashing and a two-level caching mechanism to accurately estimate the number of active flows under various workloads. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides a more accurate estimation of the number of active flows than SRED, stabilizes the estimation with respect to workload fluctuations, and prevents performance degradation by efficiently isolating non-responsive flows.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 1993

Screenings were performed on edible plants to examine their complement-system activating ability (anti-complementary activity) by hemolytic complement assay $(TCH_{50})$. Among 38 kinds of plant extracts, 5 kinds showed relatively strong anti-complementary activity which decreased $TCH_{50}$ more than 60% comparison with control and the order of activity was Zingiber officinale>Colocasia antiquorum>Capsella bursapastoris>Ginkgo biloba>Alium monanthum in $1000{\mu}g/ml$. The anti-complementary activity of ZR-1 prepared from the root of Zingiber officinale which was showed the most potent activity, did not change by pronase treatment, but decreased greatly by periodate oxidation. These results indicate that not protein moiety but carbohydrate moiety in ZR-1 fraction may also contribute to the anti-complementary activity. Also, the anti-complementary activity of ZR-1 was reduced partially in the absence of the $Ca^{2+}$ ion. When crossed immunoelectrophoresis using anti-human C3 serum was carried out after incubation of normal human serum with the ZR-1 in $Ca^{2+}$ free condition, a cleavage of C3 precipitin line was observed. Furthermore this polysaccharide fraction considerably inhibited $ACH_{50}$. These results also indicate that the mode of complement activation by polysaccharide from Zingiber officinale is via not only the classical pathway but also the alternative pathway.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.462-469
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• 1992

Two kinds of complement activating (anti-complementary) polysaccharides, which were expected to be immunomodulators were purified from Arecae Pericarpium (the pericarps of Areca catechu), and their action modes have been studied. The active polysaccharides, AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc from Arecae Pericarpium showed dose-dependent anti-complementary activities on $TCH_{50}$. The anti-complementary activities of AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc in metal ion-free condition were completely decreased in comparison with control whereas in case of $Ca^{2+}$-free condition, these activities were maintained, considerably. Also AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc showed relatively potent alternative complement pathway activities. Furthermore, after incubation of the normal human serum with polysaccharide of Arecae Pericarpium in the absence of $Ca^{2+}$ ion, a cleavage of C3 in the serum was found to have occurred through immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) with anti-human C3. Also, from the results of IEP using anti-human whole serum, the ratios of the height of 3rd peak to ${\alpha}2-M$ peak by AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc proved to be $1.50{\pm}0.04$ and $1.22{\pm}0.08$, respectively. These results indicate that the modes of complement activation by AC-2-IIIa and AC-2-IIIc from Arecae Pericarpium are via both the classical pathway and the alternative pathway.