• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 1992

Enuresis is a common voiding disorder among children. There are several therapeutic regimens for the disorder available today; behavioral therapies, psychotherapy, bladder training, sleep interruption, hypnosis and drug therapy. Recently, the efficacy of drug therapy has been acknowledged, particularly of antidepressants. Among the tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine is most frequently employed for the treatment of enuresis. Present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of imipramine on the contractility of urinary bladder in relation to the calcium modulation using isolated strips of rat detrusor urinae. 1. The electric fileld stimulation-induced contraction was abolished by imipramine, but partially inhibited by atropine. 2. Imipramine reduced the basal tone and diminished the phasic activity of detrusor muscle concentration-dependently, which was similar to that of diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker. 3. Imipramine suppressed the maximal responses and shifted the concentration-response curves of bethanechol and ATP to right. 4. Imipramine inhibited the calcium-induced recovery of tension in calcium-free physiologic salt solution (PSS) with a mode of action similar to that of diltizaem. 5. A23187, a calcium ionophore recovered the basal tone which had been reduced by imipramine in normal PSS. 6. In calcium-free PSS, A23187 could recover the abolished basal tone with the pretreatment of imipramine, but it exerted a partial recovery with the pretreatment of TMB-8, an inhibitor of intracellular calcium release. Based on these results, it is suggested that the inhibitory action of imipramine on the detrusor muscle exerted in part by blockade of the muscarinic and purinergic receptors, and interference with the influx of extracellular calcium, but not with the release of intracellular stored calcium, is involved in its mechanism of action.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose is to evaluate efficiency of the CT simulator QA phantom manufactured for daily QA. Materials and Methods: We made holes ($1{\times}100{\times}1\;mm$) to verify accuracy between image and real measurement in polystyrene phantom and made 1 mm holes to verify table movement accuracy at superior and inferior 100 mm to the center of the phantom and inserted radiopacity material. To evaluate laser alignment, we made cross mark on the right and left side at phantom and to evaluate CT number accuracy we made 3 cylindrical holes and inserted equivalence material of bone, water, air in them. After CT scanning the phantom, We evaluated accuracy between image and real measurement, accuracy of table movement, laser, and CT number using exposed image. Results: It was measured that the accuracy between image and real measurement was ${\pm}0.3\;mm$, table movement accuracy was ${\pm}0.3\;mm$, laser accuracy was ${\pm}0.5\;mm$ from 7th January to 7th March in 2008 as within the reference point ${\pm}1\;mm$. In the CT number accuracy of bone was ${\pm}10\;HU$, air was ${\pm}5\;HU$, water was ${\pm}5\;HU$ as within the reference point is ${\pm}10\;HU$. Conclusion: We was able to perform CT simulator QA and laser equipment QA more conveniently and fast using manufactured phantom at the same time. We will be able to make more accurate treatment plan that added to QA procedures using images at previous daily QA.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.886-893
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• 2005

Purpose : Kawasaki disease is the most common cause of systemic vasculitis in children less than 5 years of age. Recent immunohistochemistry findings suggest that many vascular growth factors play a role in the formation of the coronary artery lesions. Active remodeling of the coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease continues in the form of intimal proliferation and neoangiogenesis for several years after the onset of the disease. Intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) and corticosteroid have been used in the treatment of Kawasaki disease but the exact mechanism is not clear. We have investigated that IVIG and corticosteroid inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-induced tube formation of endothelial cells in vitro on Matrigel assay. Methods : Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) were cultured and seeded on Matrigel coated 24 well plates in medium with or without the following agents : VEGF, VEGF plus IVIG, VEGF plus VEGF antibody, VEGF plus methylprednisolone, VEGF, IVIG plus methylprednisolone for 18 hours. The total length of tube structures in each photograph was quantified. Results : IVIG significantly inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs. The inhibitory effect of IVIG was also reversible. In the meantime, VEGF induced the differentiation of HUVECs into capillary like structures on Matrigel, which was inhibited by VEGF antibody in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, IVIG and methylprednisolone inhibited VEGF-induced tube formation of HUVECs. IVIG was more effective in inhibition than methylprednisolone alone. Conclusion : We revealed that VEGF induced the differentiation of HUVECs and this effect was inhibited by IVIG and methylprednisolone.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.875-881
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• 2007

Purpose : Chromosome analysis is important in genetic study and genetic counseling. This study was performed to evaluate the type and incidence of chromosome abnormalities in a single hospital for 25 years. Methods : Chromosome analyses were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes, obtained from 4,856 patients with suspected chromosomal aberrations, referred to cytogenetic laboratory in Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital from May 1981 to October 2005. Results : We analyzed 4,567 cases. Children were 3,014 cases (66.0%) and adult were 1,553 cases (34.0 %). The most common purpose of the chromosomal analysis was growth and developmental abnormality in children and infertility in adults. Total chromosomal aberration rate was 16.9% (770/4,567). Among those cases, the numerical abnormalities were 12.2% (558 cases), the structural abnormalities were 4.1% (187 cases), and others were 0.5% (25 cases). The relative frequencies of autosomal abnormalities were 6.4% (294 cases) in Down syndrome; 0.2% (7 cases) in Edwards syndrome; 0.1% (4 cases) in Patau syndrome; 0.2% (10 cases) in other abnormalities, of sex chromosome, 2.9% (131 cases) in Klinefelter syndrome; 2.2% (99 cases) in Turner syndrome; 0.2% (8 cases) in 47, XXX; 0.1% (3 cases) in 47, XYY. Among the structural abnormalities, translocation was 1.8% (84 cases), inversion was 0.8% (37 cases), deletion was 0.4% (17 cases), and insertion was 0.3% (13 cases), in order of frequency. Conclusion : In this study, the type, incidence and distribution of cytogenetic abnormalities by karyotype were reviewed. We hope that our study could be used as a basic information on the diagnosis, treatment and genetic counseling for chromosome abnormalities in Korea.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.283-296
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• 2003

Emulsion-type sausages were manufactured to investigate the effects of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard on quality characteristics of emulsion-type sausage. Each treatments replaced pork back fat with CLA-corn oil (CLA-CO), CLA-safflower seed oil (CLA-SSO) and CLA-lard (CLA-LD) were stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. The changes in physico-chemical properties, texture, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid composition and CLA content of each treatments were measured during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. During storage, pH of control showed higher pH value than that of CLA-vegetable and CLA-lard treatments. The pH values of all treatments was significantly low at storage 14 days (p<0.05). The color L* and a*-value of all the treatments was not significantly changed with the storage periods. Color b*-value of CLA-treatments was higher than that of control during the storage period. Fatty acids composition was changed by addition of CLA-vegetable oils and CLA-lard. All kinds of fatty acids composition were decreased with CLA replacements than that of the control. Whereas linolenic acid content extremely increased by replacement of CLA-vegetable. CLA content of CLA-treatments was extremely increased than that of the control. The cohesiveness, springness, gumminess and brittleness of CLA-LD treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the other treatments. The TBARS value of all treatments were significantly increased (P<0.05) as the storage period was passed. TBARS of sausage products containing CLA-CO was the lowest. Summing up the a forementioned results, emulsion-type sausage manufacturing with CLA-vegetable oil and CLA-lard was not affected in physico-chemical properties and texture characteristics. Also, it may be assumed that the high quality sausage can be manufactured with the extent of storage period and CLA accumulation.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1999

Purpose : The importance of meniscal repair is well recognized. But transeciton of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus at the posterior tibial attachment is rarely documented and known irreparable. We experienced 9 cases of transection, and present clinical features and pull out suture technique. Methods and Materials : There were 9cases of transection of the posterior horn of medial meniscus from September 1998 to July 1999 in our hospital. Age was 59.3 years in average and ranged from 38 to 70years. Clinical features and MRI made diagnosis in all cases. We confirmed the diagnosis with arthroscopy and repaired the transection with pullout suture technique. Clinical features : Transection of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus at the posterior tibia attachment occurred frequently in middle aged people. They complained posterior knee pain, but they have no history of definitive trauma. Characteristically they had difficulty in full flexion of the knee and in having a squatting position. MRI is very important in diagnosis of transection, especially in coronal view, there is separation of the posterior horn of the meniscus from the posterior tibial attachment. Surgical technique : Pullout suture technique includes debridement of fibrous or scar tissue, exposure of the subchondral bone of the posterior tibial attachment site, suture the transected end of the meniscus with PDS suture, bone tunnel formation from the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia, insertion of wire loop through the tibia tunnel, pull the PDS suture through the tibia tunnel out of the joint and stabilize the PDS with post-tie technique to the proximal tibia. Conclusion : Transection of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus at the posterior tibial attachment is not common clinically and rarely documented. Clinical features and MRI are very important in diagnosis of this type tear. Arthroscopic pullout sutures is useful for treatment of this type tear of the meniscus.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.410-416
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• 2006

Purpose : Ciliary abnormalities of the respiratory system usually accompany recurrent or persistent respiratory diseases such as paranasal sinusitis, bronchiectasis, rhinitis, and/or otitis media, since they cause certain derangements in ciliary cleaning activities. This disease is usually inherited by autosomal recessive trait, but may also be found to be acquired or transient in rare cases after heavy exposure to pollutants, cigarette smoking or severe infection. We performed this study in children with frequently recurrent or persistent respiratory diseases to clarify if the ciliary abnormalities are preceding factors. Methods : We enrolled 17 children with suspected respiratory ciliary abnormalities. The indications for evaluation of ciliary ultrastructure were recurrent or persistent respiratory infections. Children with immunologic abnormalities were excluded. From August 2000 to July 2003, we performed a biopsy on nasal mucosa and examined the structure of ciliary status by using an electron microscope. Results : Of the subjects, there were seven males and 10 females, aged 2 to 10 years. Out of the 17 subjects, 12 cases of chronic paranasal sinusitis, nine chronic coughs, nine frequent upper respiratory infections, seven cases of recurrent otitis media, four cases of recurrent pneumonia, and four cases of bronchial asthma were found. Out of the 17 cases on which histologic examinations were conducted, four cases showed pathologic findings, including one case of inner dynein arm defect, one of microtubular transposition, one of supernumerous tubules, and one singlet, respectively. Conclusion : It is essential for differential diagnosis and effective treatment to identify the abnormalities of ultrastructure of nasal cilia in children with symptoms of frequently recurrent or persistent respiratory diseases, if immunodeficiency or respiratory allergy could be excluded.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.265-270
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• 2003

Purpose : To characterize the infants under 3 months of age with urinary tract infections(UTIs), and especially patients with bacteremia or meningitis Methods : Hospital records of all the infants under 3 months of age discharged from our hospital for 69 consecutive months with the diagnosis of initial episode of UTI were reviewed. UTI was defined when patients had fever with pyuria, and had urine culture results of ${\geq}10^5$ colony forming units/mL from a bag specimen. Patients with previously known urologic abnormality or immunodeficiency were excluded. Nosocomial infections were also excluded from the study. Results : The male:female ratio was 35 : 6. Of the urine cultures, 40(97.6%) yielded single pathogen, one yielded two pathogens. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate from the urine. Five patients(12%) also had bacteremia. Pathogens isolated from the blood cultures were E. coli(4) and Enterococcus faecalis(1). No patient had culture-positive meningitis or cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Clinical or laboratory findings between patients with and without bacteremia were not different significantly. The rate of vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) was 44%. The sensitivity of ultrasound for detection of VUR was 38%; specificity was 50%. Conclusion : Clinical and laboratory data were not helpful for identifying patients with bacteremia at the time of presentation. Consequently, blood cultures need to be obtained from all febrile infants under 3 months of age with UTIs. A large-scale study including the indication of lumbar puncture for infants with a febrile UTI and study of evaluation and treatment of infants under 3 months of age with UTIs are required.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2015

Purpose : We investigated the safety of Intrabeam$^{TM}$ system, X-ray unit for Intraoperative Radiotheray (IORT) by measuring surface dose using Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter(OSLD). Materials and Methods : 30 patients were selected, who were in breast cancer patients and had an operation of breast conserving surgery (BCS). At the inner surface of tumor bed, 20 Gy were described, and 5 Gy at 1cm depth from the inner surface. Along the size of tumor bed which could be decided after resection of tumor, the size of applicator were determined. Usual treatment time were from 18 to 40 minutes. For the measurement of surface doses, OSLD were placed at superior(U1,2), inferior(D1,2), lateral(L1,2) and medial(M1,2) directions from the center of applicator. Each direction, two OSLD were placed at 0.5 cm and 1.5 cm from the center. Mean, maximum, and minimum doses were analyzed to be compared. Results : Mean values were U1 $2.23{\pm}0.80Gy$, U2 $1.54{\pm}0.53Gy$, D1 $1.73{\pm}0.63Gy$, D2 $1.25{\pm}0.45Gy$, L1 $1.95{\pm}0.82Gy$, L2 $1.38{\pm}0.42Gy$, M1 $2.03{\pm}0.70Gy$, and M2 $1.51{\pm}0.58Gy$. Maximum values were 4.34 Gy at U1, and Minimum values were 0.45 Gy at M2. 13.3 % of patient (4pts out of 30) were reported that surface dose were over 4 Gy. Conclusion : The fact that skin dose of all patients were less than 5 Gy based on OSLD measurement showed the safety of Intrabeam$^{TM}$ system. In the relatively small breast volume, the tendency that surface dose was increased had been shown, which was analyzed by the data of patients who irradiated over 4Gy at skin surface. Therefore, for appropriate indication for IORT, it is suggested that breast volume as well as the size and position of tumor should be carfully considered.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2016

Pectin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, has in recent years attracted considerable attention. Its benefits are increasingly appreciated by scientists and consumers due to its safety and usefulness. The chemistry and gel-forming characteristics of pectin have enabled to be used in pharmaceutical industry, health promotion and treatment. Yet, it has been rarely used in cosmetics because of its incompatibility with many cosmetic ingredients, including alcohols, and unstable viscosity of pectin gels under various pH and salt conditions. However, low-molecular-weight pectin oligomers have excellent biological activities, and depolymerization of pectin to produce cosmetic ingredients would be very useful. In this study, we attempted the development of cosmetic ingredients using pectin with an excellent effect on human skin. We developed a bio-conversion process that uses enzymatic hydrolysis to produce pectin hydrolysates containing mainly low-molecular-weight pectin oligomers. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determined the ratio of hydrolysis. The molecular weight of the pectin hydrolysates obtained varied between 200 and 2,700 Da. The two newly developed low-molecular-weight pectin hydrolysates, LMPH A and B, had higher anti-oxidative activities than pectin or D-galacturonic. Exposure to UVB radiation induces apoptotic cell death in epidermal cells. Annexin V binding and propidium iodide uptake were measured by flow cytometry to evaluate UVB-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. Both LMPH A and B reduced UVB-induced cell death and increased cell proliferation by 22% and 30% at 0.5% concentration respectively, while pectin had no significant activity. In conclusion, this study suggests that the newly developed low-molecular-weight pectin hydrolysates can be used as safe and biologically active cosmetic ingredients.