• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1251-1257
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• 2009

We investigated the growth inhibitory effect of internal organs of Todarodes pacificus (TP) on proliferation in human cancer cell lines in vitro. The internal organs of TP were extracted with methanol (TPM), which was then further fractionated into four subfractions by using a solvent partition method, resulting in hexane (TPMH), methanol (TPMM), butanol (TPMB), and aqueous (TPMA) soluble fractions. We determined the cytotoxic effect of these four fractions in three kinds of cancer cell lines - HepG2, MCF-7 and HT-29 - by MTT assay. Among the four subfractions of TPM, TPMH showed the strongest cytotoxic effects at a concentration of $300{\mu}g$/ml, displaying 91.56% on the HepG2 cell line and 85.93% on the MCF-7 cell line. Morphological changes such as membrane shirinking and blebbing of cells were also observed during TPMH treatment of HepG2 cells. In addition, we also observed quinone reductase (QR) induced effect in the methanol (TPMM) layer of HepG2 cells. TPMM showed the highest induction activity of quinone reductase on HepG2 cells among the other partition layers. The QR induced effect of TPMM was determined to be 2.7 at a level of $360{\mu}g$/ml with a control value of 1.0. Although further studies are needed, the present work suggests that internal organs of Todarodes pacificus (TP) may be a chemopreventive agent for the treatment of human cells.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.161-172
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• 2018

Multi-anvil press (MAP) is one of the high pressure apparatuses and often generates the pressure-conditions ranging from 5 to 25 GPa and temperature-conditions up to $2,300^{\circ}C$. The MAP is, therefore, suitable to explore the pressure-induced structural changes in diverse earth materials from Earth's mantle and the bottom of the mantle transition zone (~660 km). In this study, we present the experimental results for pressure-load calibration of the 1,100-ton multi-anvil press equipped in the authors' laboratory. The pressure-load calibration experiments were performed for the 14/8 step, 14/8 G2, 14/8 HT, and 18/12 assembly sets. The high pressure experiments using ${\alpha}$-quartz, wollastonitestructure of $CaGeO_3$, and forsterite as starting materials were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The phase transition of each mineral indicates the specific pressure that is loaded to a sample at $1,200^{\circ}C$: a transition of ${\alpha}$-quartz to coesite at 3.1 GPa, that of garnet-structure of $CaGeO_3$ to perovskite-structure at 5.9 GPa, that of coesite to stishovite at 9.2 GPa, and that of forsterite to wadsleyite at 13.6 GPa. While the estimated pressure-load calibration curve is generally consistent with those obtained in other laboratories, the deviation up to 50 tons is observed at high pressure above 10 GPa. This is partly because of the loss of oil pressure at high pressure resulting from the differences in a sample chamber, and the frictional force between pressure medium and second anvil. We also report the ${\sim}200^{\circ}C/mm$ of thermal gradient in the vertical direction of the sample chamber of 14/8 HT assembly. The pressure-load calibration curve and the observed thermal gradient within the sample chamber can be applied to explain the structural changes and the relevant macroscopic properties of diverse crystalline and amorphous earth materials in the mantle.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.601-606
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• 1999

Physiological responses of cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on lowering seawater temperature sharply and continuously were studied with 4 experiments of temperature changes (Exp.I$\~$IV). In Exp.1, the temperature was decreased from $18^{\circ}C$ to $9^{\circ}C$ by the rate of $1^{\circ}C$/hr, thereafter back to the initial temperature after 5 dars. With the same conditions of temperature rate and 5 days interval, the temperature changes for Exp.II, III and IV were $20^{\circ}C$ to $17^{\circ}C,\;23^{\circ}C$ to $14^{\circ}C$ and $23^{\circ}C$ to $17^{\circ}C$, respectively, Serum cortisol and glucose were measured during whole experiments. Hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured in the Exp.I, and osmolality, electrolytes ($Na^+,\;Cl^-,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+}$), total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of serum, in Exp.II$\~$IV. Serum cortisol levels were significantly increased by the lowering temperature sharply during whole experiments, while serum glucose levels were increased only in Exp,III and IV. Ht, RBC and Hb were decreased as the water temperature was lowered, but MCHC was increased. The serum osmolality was reduced and the unstable changes of electrolytes were shown by the changes of seawater temperature. No significant changes in total protein, ALT and AST activity were observed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.980-986
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• 2021

Natural products have always been an attractive source in terms of novel anti-metastatic compounds which can hinder MMP expression and activity. Corydalis heterocarpa is a salt marsh plant found in the seashores throughout Korea. Its yellow flowers and spikes have been an ingredient in folk medicine to treat spasm and contractions. The present study assessed the potential of different solvent-based fractions from the crude extract of Corydalis heterocarpa (CHE), a halophyte with reported bioactivities, to suppress the PMA-induced MMP expression in human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells. The solvent fractions which were named after the solvent used for fractionation (n-hexane, 85% aqueous (aq.) methanol (MeOH), n-butanol (BuOH), and H₂O were shown to inhibit the both elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and simultaneously relieved the suppression on the expression of the endogenous MMP inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Results indicated that the CHE fractions might intervene with the PMA-induced activation of the MAPK signaling which is the upstream activator of MMP overexpression. Among tested samples, 85% aq. MeOH and n-hexane fractions of CHE was determined to be the most active and future studies to isolate the bioactive substances responsible for the regulation of the MMP expression are, therefore, urged. In conclusion, C. heterocarpa was shown to be a potential source of anti-metastatic compounds and n-Hexane and MeOH fractions might yield lead molecules to develop novel MMP inhibitors.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.221-226
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• 2013

This study aimed to examine the antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and anti-proliferative activities (A549, G361, HT-29, and MDA-MB-231) of fermented gochujang (made from sword bean cheonggukjang powder (SBC) for 90 days. Gochujang was prepared by adding 0 (SBC 0), 2 (SBC 2), 5 (SBC 5), 8 (SBC 8) and 10% (SBC 10) levels with SBC, and all experiments were measured at diluted levels of 20, 50 and 100 times. The antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory effect demonstrated that SBC 10 increased approximately 1.2 and 1.1 times compared with SBC 0, respectively, at diluted levels of 50 and 100 times. The anti-proliferative effects of A549, G361, and HT-29 presented that SBC 10 were 2.8, 1.1, and 8.9 times higher compared with SBC 0, respectively, at diluted levels of 50, 20, and 100 times. In the case of MDA-MB-231, SBC 10 was 3.7 times higher compared with SBC 5 at diluted level of 20 times. As a result, we confirmed that SBC gochujang was improved for physiological activities and anti-proliferative effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 2004

Foxtail Millet Takju was treated with heat ($65^{\circ}C/30\;min$) (HT) or high hydrostatic pressure ($27^{\circ}C/400\;MPa/10\;min$) (PT), and changes in microbial count, enzyme activity, and quality were determined during 30-day storage at 10 and $25^{\circ}C$. Total viable cellcount remained constant, while lactic acid bacteria and yeast were not detected in HT and PT Takjus. Relative activities of ${\alpha}-amylase$ in PT Takju significantly increased by 169.7% at 3 days storage, then decreased to 137.7 and 68.7% at 10 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, at 30 days. Relative activities of glucoamylase in HT Takju showed reversible change, and were 36.5 and 54.3% at $10\;and\;25^{\circ}C$, respectively, at 30 days storage. Activities in PT Takju increased with storage period, 158.2% at 30 days storage at $10^{\circ}C$. Titratable acidity in untreated Takju increased, while those in HT and PT Takjus remained almost constant during 30 days storage. Reducing sugar content in untreated Takju showed no change, while that in HT Takju increased gradually, reaching 2.9% at 30 days, whereas that in PT increased sharply after 3 days, reaching 4.8% at 30 days. Sensory evaluation showed sourness and bitterness were low, and sweetness and overall acceptance were high in PT Takju after 30 days storage at $10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.337-344
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• 2019

The free radical scavenging, cytotoxic effects, and flavonoid content of fractions from Lycopus lucidus Turcz leaves were here investigated. The flavonoid contents of 85% methanol (MeOH) and n-butanol (BuOH) fractions of the leaves were 41.5 mg/g and 77.2 mg/g, respectively. In DPPH and ABTs+ assays, 85% MeOH and n-BuOH fractions from the L. lucidus Turcz leaves had a greater scavenging effect (p<0.05). The n-BuOH fraction (0.5 mg/ml concentration) had scavenging effects of 88% and 92% in the DPPH and ABTs+ assays, respectively (p<0.05). Cell viability tests showed that treatment with L. lucidus Turcz leaf fractions caused cytotoxicity in the growth of AGS, HT-29, and HT-1080 cancer cells. Of the different fractions, the 85% MeOH sample displayed the highest cytotoxic activity; the $IC_{50}$ values of this fraction against AGS, HT-1080, and HT-29 cancer cells were 0.03 mg/ml, 0.14 mg/ml, and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively. These biological results indicate that the n-BuOH fraction was more effective in anti-oxidant activity while the 85% MeOH fraction was stronger in cytotoxic effects, and they suggest that these two fractions from L. lucidus Turcz leaves may contain valuable bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2015

α-Asarone is the main component of Acorus gramineus, which is a widely used oriental traditional medicine. A. gramineus is known to have a variety of medicinal effects, such as anti-gastric ulcer, antiallergy and antioxidant activity. It is also known to inhibit the release of histamine. However, the mechanism of its action remains unclear in humans. In this study, the effects of α-asarone on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and its antioxidant effect in a cell-free system were examined in HT1080 cells. In an MTT assay, the effect of α-asarone on cell viability showed no cytotoxicity below 16 μM. In an antioxidant assay, α-asarone increased reducing power in a dose-dependent manner but not the scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In addition, α-asarone exhibited the protective effect against DNA oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals produced by the Fenton reaction. Furthermore, in a gelatin disk assay, α-asarone enhanced collagenase activity. It also increased the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in a gelatin zymography. On the other hand, the activity of MMP-9 stimulated by phenazine methosulfate (PMS) but not that of MMP-2 was increased in the presence of α-asarone. These findings suggest that α-asarone could be a candidate for the prevention and treatment of pathological diseases related to oxidative stress and MMPs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.760-767
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• 2010

The oxidative damage of lipids, protein, and DNA is known to be involved in not only chronic inflammations such as arthritis, hepatitis, nephritis, gastritis, colitis, and periodontitis but also metastasis. It has given impetus to searching for natural compounds without toxicity, which prevent the development of these diseases. The direct scavenging effects of aged black garlic extract (ABGE) were evaluated in vitro on DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and genomic DNA damage related to oxidative stress. Furthermore, its antioxidant effect on lipid peroxidation was investigated in human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080), which were exposed to the hydroxyl radical generated by the Fenton reaction. It was observed that ABGE exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide than other reactive oxygen species, and also blocked DNA oxidation and lipid peroxidation induced by the hydroxyl radical. The oxidative stress in live cells was also inhibited in the presence of ABGE. In addition, its inhibitory effects on the activity and expression of MMP-2 and -9 related to metastasis were determined using gelatin zymography and western blot. The data showed that it inhibited MMP-2 and -9 in PMA-stimulated HT1080 cells. Therefore, these results suggest that ABGE show potential as an excellent agent for prevention of metastasis related to oxidative stress.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1019-1022
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• 2005

Risperidone has been reported to have neuroleptic activity. In this study, risperidone was synthesized using a new method involving a stille reaction, in which 2-methyl-3-vinyl-6,7,8,9-tet­rahydropyrido[1 ,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one was synthesized (5). The chemical synthesis process was found to be simple and produced risperidone in a high yield. In addition, can be easily scaled up for large scale synthesis.