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Mineralogical studies and extraction of some valuable elements from sulfide deposits of Abu Gurdi area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

  • Ibrahim A. Salem;Gaafar A. El Bahariya;Bothina T. El Dosuky;Eman F. Refaey;Ahmed H. Ibrahim;Amr B. ElDeeb
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.47-62
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    • 2024
  • Abu Gurdi area is located in the South-eastern Desert of Egypt which considered as volcanic massive sulfide deposits (VMS). The present work aims at investigating the ore mineralogy of Abu Gurdi region in addition to the effectiveness of the hydrometallurgical route for processing these ores using alkaline leaching for the extraction of Zn, Cu, and Pb in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, has been investigated. The factors affecting the efficiency of the alkaline leaching of the used ore including the reagent composition, reagent concentration, leaching temperature, leaching time, and Solid /Liquid ratio, have been investigated. It was noted that the sulfide mineralization consists mainly of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite, galena and bornite. Gold is detected as rare, disseminated crystals within the gangue minerals. Under supergene conditions, secondary copper minerals (covellite, malachite, chrysocolla and atacamite) were formed. The maximum dissolution efficiencies of Cu, Zn, and Pb at the optimum leaching conditions i.e., 250 g/L NaCO3 - NaHCO3 alkali concentration, for 3 hr., at 250 ℃, and 1/5 Solid/liquid (S/L) ratio, were 99.48 %, 96.70 % and 99.11 %, respectively. An apparent activation energy for Zn, Cu and Pb dissolution were 21.599, 21.779 and 23.761 kJ.mol-1, respectively, which were between those of a typical diffusion-controlled process and a chemical reaction-controlled process. Hence, the diffusion of the solid product layer contributed more than the chemical reaction to control the rate of the leaching process. High pure Cu(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, and ZnCl2 were obtained from the finally obtained leach liquor at the optimum leaching conditions by precipitation at different pH. Finally, highly pure Au metal was separated from the mineralized massive sulfide via using adsorption method.

Enhanced extraction of copper and nickel based on the Egyptian Abu Swayeil copper ore

  • Somia T. Mohamed;Abeer A. Emam;Wael M. Fathy;Amany R. Salem;Amr B. ElDeeb
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.63-78
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    • 2024
  • The continuous increasing of the global demand of copper and nickel metals raises the interest in developing alternative technologies to produce them from copper sulfide ore. Also, in line with Egypt's vision 2030 for achieving the sustainable socioeconomic development which aims at developing alternative and eco-friendly technologies for processing the Egyptian ores to produce these strategic products instead of its importing. These metals enhance the advanced electrical and electronic industries. The current work aims at investigating the recovery of copper and nickel from Abu Swayeil copper ore using pug leaching technique by sulfuric acid. The factors affecting the pug leaching process including the sulfuric acid concentration, leaching time and temperature have been investigated. The copper ore sample was characterized chemically using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). A response surface methodology develops a quadratic model that expects the nickel and copper leaching effectiveness as a function of three controlling factors involved in the procedure of leaching was also investigated. The obtained results showed that the maximum dissolution efficiency of Ni and Cu are 99.06 % and 95.30%, respectively which was obtained at the following conditions: 15 % H2SO4 acid concentration for 6 hr. at 250 ℃. The dissolution kinetics of nickel and copper that were examined according to heterogeneous model, indicated that the dissolution rates were controlled by surface chemical process during the pug leaching. The activation energy of copper and nickel dissolution were 26.79 kJ.mol-1 and 38.078 kJ.mol-1 respectively; and the surface chemical was proposed as the leaching rate-controlling step.

Results of Applying a Ventilator Weaning Protocol Led by an Advanced Practice Nurse for Cardiac Surgery Patients (심장수술 환자를 위한 전문간호사 주도의 인공호흡기 이탈 프로토콜 적용 결과)

  • Eim, YoungJu;Choi, Su Jung
    • Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.42-54
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    • 2024
  • Purpose : This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an advanced practice nurse (APN)-driven ventilator weaning protocol for patients undergoing cardiac surgeries. Methods : A retrospective analysis was conducted on 226 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital between January and June 2020, following a cardiac surgery. Patients were divided into an APN protocol-applied group (experimental group, n=152) and a control group managed based on doctors' judgment (n=74). Ventilator weaning criteria and clinical outcomes, including duration of ventilation, length of ICU stay, and rate of reintubation, were compared between the two groups. Results : Patients in the control group were older and had a higher incidence of massive bleeding from chest tube drainage (>100 cc/hr) at baseline. The average duration of ventilation was significantly shorter in the experimental group compared to the control group (7.44 vs. 21.61 hours, p <.001). Furthermore, the mean length of ICU stay was shorter in the experimental group compared to the control group (47.96 vs. 77.97 hours, p <.001). There was no difference in the rate of reintubation between the two groups. Conclusion : These findings suggest that an APN-driven ventilator weaning protocol can improve clinical outcomes without significant complications. These results support the adoption of APN-driven mechanical ventilator weaning protocols in clinical practice.

Effectiveness of Fentanyl Transdermal Patch (Fentanyl-TTS, $Durogegic^{(R)}$) for Radiotherapy Induced Pain and Cancer Pain: Multi-center Trial (방사선치료로 인한 통증 및 암성통증에 대한 듀로제식의 효과: 다기관연구)

  • Shin, Seong-Soo;Choi, Eun-Kyung;Kim, Jong-Hoon;Ahn, Seung-Do;Lee, Sang-Wook;Kim, Yeun-Sil;Lee, Kyu-Chan;Lee, Chang-Geol;Loh, John-JK;Chun, Mi-Son;Oh, Young-Teak;Kim, Ok-Bae;Huh, Seung-Jae
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.263-271
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    • 2006
  • $\underline{Purpose}$: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of fentanyl-TTS in the management of radiotherapy induced acute pain and cancer pain treated with radiotherapy. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Our study was open labelled prospective phase IV multi-center study. the study population included patients with more 4 numeric rating scale(NRS) score pain although managed with other analgesics or more than 6 NRS score pain without analgesics. Patients divided into two groups; patients with radiotherapy induced pain (Group A) and patients with cancer pain treated with radiotherapy (Group B). All patients received 25 ug/hr of fentanyl transdermal patch. Primary end point was pain relief; second end points were change in patient quality of life, a degree of satisfaction for patients and clinician, side effects. $\underline{Results}$: Between March 2005 and June 2005, 312 patients from 26 participating institutes were registered, but 249 patients completed this study. Total number of patients in each group was 185 in Group A, 64 in Group B. Mean age was 60 years and male to female ratio was 76:24. Severe pain NRS score at 2 weeks after the application of fentanyl was decreased from 7.03 to 4.01, p=0.003. There was a significant improvement in insomnia, social functioning, and quality of life. A degree of satisfaction for patients and clinician was very high. The most common reasons of patients' satisfactions was good pain control. Ninety six patients reported side effect. Nausea was the most common side effect. There was no serious side effect. $\underline{Conclusion}$: Fentanyl-TTS was effective in both relieving pain with good tolerability and improving the quality of life for patients with radiotherapy induced acute pain and cancer pain treated with radiotherapy. The satisfaction of the patients and doctors was good. There was no major side effect.

The Predictors of Effectiveness on Urokinase Instillation Therapy into Loculated Pleural Effusion. (소방이 형성된 흉막질환에서 유로키나제 주입치료의 예후인자)

  • Song, Kee-San;Bang, Jei-So;Kwak, Seung-Min;Cho, Chul-Ho;Park, Chan-Sup
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.44 no.3
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    • pp.621-628
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    • 1997
  • Background : As the pleural inflammation progresses, exudative pleural fluid becomes loculated rapidly with pleural thickening. Complete drainage is important to prevent pleural fibrosis, entrapment and depression of lung function. Intrapleural urokinase instillation therapy has been advocated as a method to facilitate drainage of gelatinous pleural fluid and to allow enzymatic debriment of pleural surface. This study was designed to investigate the predictors of effectiveness of intrapleural urokinase in the treatment of loculated pleural effusion. Method : Thirty-five patients received a single radiographically guided pig-tail catheter ranging in size from 10 to 12 French. Twenty-two patients had tuberculous pleural effusions, and 13 had non-tuberculous postpneumonic empyemas. A total of 240,000 units of urokinase was dissolved in 240 ml of normal saline and the aliquots of 80mL was instilled into the pleural cavity via pig-tail catheter per every 8hr. Effectiveness of intrapleural urokinase instillation therapy was assessed by biochemical markers, ultrasonography, and technical details. A greater than 50% improvement on follow-up chest radiographs was defined as success group. Result : Twenty-seven of 35 (77.1%) patients had successful outcome to urokinase instillation therapy. Duration of symptoms before admission was shorter in success group ($11.8{\pm}6.9day$) than in failure group ($26.62{\pm}16.5day$) (P<0.05). Amount of drained fluid during urokinase therapy was larger in success group ($917.1{\pm}392.7ml$) than in failure group ($613.8{\pm}259.7ml$) (P<0.05). Pleural fluid glucose was higher in success group ($89.7{\pm}35.9mg/dl$) than in failure group ($41.2{\pm}47.1mg/dl$) (P<0.05). Pleural fluid LDH was lower in success group ($878.4{\pm}654.3IU/L$) than in failure group ($2711.1{\pm}973.1IU/L$) (P<0.05). Honeycomb septated pattern on chest ultrasonography was observed in six of eight failure group, but none of success group (P<0.05). Conclusion : Longer duration of symptoms before admission, smaller amount of drained fluid during urokinase therapy, lower glucose value, higher LDH value in pleural fluid examination, and honeycomb septation pattern on chest ultrasonograph were predictors for failure group of intrapleural urokinase instillation therapy.

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Strategic Direction and Road Map of Expanding Prevention of Winter Disease in the Summer (동병하치 확산을 위한 전략적 방향과 이행방안)

  • Song, Ho-Sueb
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.147-157
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    • 2010
  • Objectives : The purpose of this study was to propose appropriate strategic directions and road maps for successful achievement of programs preventing winter disease in the summer. Methods : Details on programs preventing winter disease in the summer such as clear concept, theoretical basis, current status, intervention or available prescriptions and indication/contraindication/caution were prepared through the related journal review, upon which an observational study was devised and done for simulation to find out even a trivial problem and to guarantee the safety beforehand. The experimental group was divided into 5 groups by the size of pill and the way ginger is treated; 1cm pill with ginger group, 3cm pill group without ginger, 3cm pill group dipped into ginger, 3cm pill group applying ginger to acupoints and 3cm pill group with ginger Results 1. program preventing winter disease in the summer was defined as representative winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and preventive care in the summer, reinforcing deficient yang qi of five viscera by using exuberant yang qi from summer heat. 2. It was based upon historically established theories which is 'nourishing yang qi in the spring and summer', 'long summer, namely rainy spell in the summer overwhelms the winter, because of earth winning water according to the five phases theory' and 'To replenish yang qi is major principle to treat winter diseases, which can be most appropriately and timely applied to the patient with deficient yang qi of five viscera inherently, especially in the three dog days of the summer, because of exuberant exterior yang qi and deficient interior yang qi in the five viscera'. 3. In the adjacent China and Taiwan, acupoint applying method in the three dog days named 'San Fu Tie' have been stirring a boom throughout the nation, in which Xiaochuan Gao was used as a basic prescription and it mainly was applied at bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ for about 4 hours. As far as domestic current status, the necessity of adopting the above method prior to Herbal formula was also recognised, because not a few koreans have apprehension for the safety of it including medicinal herbs and are reluctant to take it any more due to negative advertisement of narrow minded doctors' association. 4. Indication of acupoint applying method in the three dog days included most of winter diseases such as common cold, influenza, chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, emphysema, chronic gastritis. contraindication was pregnant woman and the weak such as infants and the old. More attention was paid to grasp firmly the normal reaction following the treatment for preventing side effect and teasing blister. recommendation was also given to abstain from food inducing phlegm and dampness such as meat, shrimp and crab as well as cold drinks and foods 5. In the simulation observational study based upon the above findings following review the related articles, no blister was shown on the acupoints icluding bilateral $BL_{13}$, $_{15}$ and $_{17}$ in every experimental group during 24hr observation following the acupoint applying treatment with pills made by modified and devised prescription. At 4 hr, the effectiveness of it reached a peak showing redness and mild tenderness and there is little difference between groups 3cm pills groups regardless of the way ginger was treated. abdominal distention and growling was found in all the volunteers during the treatment at CV 8. Strategic directions and road maps : Through successful fulfillment of the program preventing winter disease in the summer, Korean traditional medicine should be integrated into mainstream national health care services. Cultural access was thought to be as important as Scientific EBM approach. First of all, To evoke potential cultural homogeneity from campaigns and press advertisement was needed for promoting public awareness about preventing winter disease in the summer by enhancing immunity via acupoint applying treatment in the three dog days, and then indigenous name as Sambokcheop, protocol, Clinical Research Form for data collection of it should be developed and prepared. Once the first step was taken this summer, through a thorough data collection and scrutinized scientific evaluation, drawbacks should be compensted for and the efficacy and safety should be substantiated.

Desorption Characteristics of Cobalt, Strontium, and Cesium in Natural Soil and Kaolin Using CMCD (CMCD를 이용한 자연토양 및 카올린에서의 코발트, 스트론튬, 세슘의 탈착 특성)

  • Choi, Jeonghak;Cheon, Kyeongho
    • Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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    • v.15 no.12
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    • pp.61-69
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    • 2014
  • Carboxymethyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (${\beta}$-CMCD), as a biodegradable surfactant with hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, has potential advantages of being applicable to the simultaneous treatment of multiple contaminated soils. In this study, the desorption behaviors of r adionuclides such as cobalt (Co), strontium (Sr), and cesium (Cs) from the soil contaminated with them were experimentally investigated and the effectiveness of CMCD as a desorbent was evaluated. The desorption equilibrium of used radionuclides could be achieved within 1~3 hr and the desorption ratio from kaolin was higher than that from natural soil. The addition of CMCD of 2 g/L increased the desorption ratio by 5~20 % and the desorption ratio of used r adionuclides was shown in the order of Co > Cs > Sr. The experimental desorption data were fitted successfully by pseudo-second order kinetic model and the desorption rate of the r adionuclides was shown in the order of Cs > Co > Sr. Hysteresis between adsorption and desorption of the r adionuclides, as shown in the order of Sr > Co > Cs, increased as the desorption rate decreased. Consequently, it could be considered that the desorption rate was one of the significant factors of the hysteresis. The addition of CMCD as desorbent increased the amount of desorbed radionuclides and decreased the hysteresis. However, the CMCD could not completely desorb the radionuclides from soils even though the excess of CMCD was added.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Breakfast Eating Behavior of Children in Indonesia: An Application of the Health Belief Model (인도네시아 아동들의 아침식사하기에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석 -건강신념모델을 이용하여-)

  • Kang, Ran Yi;Lee, Soo Jin;Ryu, Ho Kyung
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2020
  • Objectives: This study investigates the current state of consuming breakfast among elementary school students residing in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, and to identify factors that influence breakfast behavior. Methods: The research model was set up as per the health belief model, and slightly modified by adding the subjective normative factors of the theory of planned behavior. The survey was conducted from July 17 to August 15, 2017 using a questionnaire, after receiving the permission PNU IRB (2017_60_HR). Results: The subjects were 77 boys (49.4%) and 79 girls (50.6%) suffering from malnutrition with anemia (21.2%) and stunting ratio of Height for Age Z Score (HAZ) (11.5%). Furthermore, moderate weakness (14.8%) and overweight and obesity (12.3%) by Body Mass Index for Age Z Score (BMIZ) were coexistent. According to the results obtained for breakfast, 21.8% did not eat breakfast before school, with 18.8% of the reasons for skipping breakfast being attributed to lack of food. Even for subjects partaking breakfast, only about 10% had a good balanced diet. The average score of behavioral intention on eating breakfast was 2.60 ± 0.58. The perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy of the health belief model correlated with breakfast behavior. Of these, self-efficacy (β=0.447, R2=0.200) and perceived sensitivity (β=0.373, R2=0.139) had the greatest effect on breakfast behavior. Mother was the largest impact person among children. Conclusions: In order to increase the level of breakfast behavior intention among children surveyed in Indonesia, we determined the effectiveness by focus on education which helps the children recognize to be more likely to get sick when they don't have breakfast, and increase their confidence in ability to have breakfast on their own. We believe there is a necessity to seek ways to provide indirect intervention through mothers, as well as impart direct nutrition education to children.

Psychophysiological Responses Evoked by Fear and Disgust Emotion Using Audiovisual Film Clips in Children (공포와 혐오 정서에 대한 아동의 심리생리반응)

  • Jang, Eun-Hye;Woo, Tae-Je;Lee, Young-Chang;Sohn, Jin-Hun
    • Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.273-280
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    • 2007
  • The study is to examine the psychophysiological responses evoked by negative emotions(fear and disgust) in children. 47 children(11-13 years old, 23 boys) participated in the study. While the children were experiencing fear or disgust emotion induced by audio-visual film clips, ECG, EDA, PPG and SKT are measured. Emotion assessment scale was used to confirm that emotions elicited by the film clips were significantly noticeable, which was measured self-report. The results turned out to be 100% and 89.4% of appropriate for fear and disgust emotions, respectively. Emotional intensity the children had experienced was rated as 4.05, 4.07 on 1-5 scale based on effectiveness of measurement of fear and disgust emotion. ANS reponses by fear and disgust were significantly between the resting state and emotional state induced. The result obtained from the fear emotion showed significant increases in SCL, NSCR, HR, RSA, RESP and HF. There was a significant difference in SCL and NSCR between the two emotions.

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Clinical Effects of Korean Ginseng, Korean Red Ginseng, Chinese Ginseng, and American Ginseng on Blood Pressure in Mild Hypertensive Subjects

  • Choi, Dong-Jun;Jung, Woo-Sang;Park, Seong-Uk;Han, Chang-Ho;Lee, Won-Chul;Cho, Ki-Ho
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.198-208
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    • 2006
  • Background : Ginseng has traditionally been used in oriental countries to recover vital energy from Qi deficiency, and has shown various biomedical effects in the scientific literature. Recent reports suggest that ginseng could regulate blood pressure (BP), but much controversy still remains. Therefore, we intended to assess the anti-hypertensive effect of several ginseng types frequently used in clinics. We also investigated the anti-hypertensive effect on Koreans and Chinese, and by the body type according to Sasang Constitution Medicine (SCM). Methods : The study subjects were recruited from mildly hypertensive patients who exhibited pre-hypertension(120/80 to 139/89 mmHg) and stage I hypertension (140/90 to 159/99 mmHg) in Korea and China. After assigning the subjects into a Korean, a Chinese, a red, and an American ginseng group by randomization, we prescribed ginseng at a dose of 4.5 g per day for 4 weeks. To assess the anti-hypertensive effect, we compared the mean of systolic and diastolic BP between before and after ginseng medication using a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor (24 hr ABPM. We also monitored adverse effect and laboratory findings to secure the subjects' safety. In addition, all of the subjects in Korea consulted a specialist of Sasang Constitution Medicine to identify their constitutional type. Results : There were 64 subjects treated with Korean ginseng, 58 treated with Chinese ginseng, 33 treated with red ginseng, and 64 treated with American ginseng. Korean, Chinese, and American ginseng all reduced subjects' BP; Korean and Chinese ginseng showed more effect. The secondary analysis on the subjects' nationality revealed that all of the ginseng types showed more significant anti-hypertensive effect in Chinese patients than in Koreans. The third analysis on the constitutional type of SCM showed there was no significant difference in the effectiveness and the safety of ginseng among the constitutional types. Conclusions : We suggest ginseng, especially Panax ginseng without any steaming-drying process, could be useful for mild hypertension. Further, ginseng is safe regardless of subjects' constitutional type or type of ginseng within a dosage of 4.5g per day.

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