• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.469-484
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• 2016

HR-ToF-AMS was applied for a seasonal and size-distributional measurements for inorganic ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Cl^-$) and organic components in Baegryung Island Super Site. The average concentration of $PM_{1.0}$ remarks $12.9{\mu}g/m^3$ while $14.5{\mu}g/m^3$ in Spring time, $14.2{\mu}g/m^3$ in Winter, $13.1{\mu}g/m^3$ in Summer and $9.86{\mu}g/m^3$ in Autumn. The mass of measured $PM_{1.0}$ shows 54.6% of $PM_{2.5}$ which is similar to those of Beijing and Lanzhou, China. The highest portion of Chemical composition is $SO{_4}^{2-}$ marking 41.0%, 31.8% by organics, 13.5% by $NH_4{^+}$, 12.8% by $NO_3{^-}$ and 1% by $Cl^-$. In every seasons, except winter, $SO{_4}^{2-}$ remarks the highest level, organic components take place the highest in winter time. The size-distribution of $PM_{1.0}$ components scattered at accumulation mode of 200 nm~800 nm which means the influence of primary emission is low. In case of air stream from the industrialized area of Sandung, Shanghai, China, the concentrations of such components were distributed a bit higher.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1189-1196
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• 1998

Extraction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology for preparing high-quality ethanol extracts from cultivated Chrysanthemum petals. A fractional factorial design was applied to investigate effects of solvent ratio to sample $(X_1)$, ethanol concentration $(X_2)$ and extraction time $(X_3)$ at $60^{\circ}C$ on dependent variables of the extract properties, such as yellow color $(Y_1)$, carotenoids $(Y_2)$, soluble solids $(Y_3)$, phenolic compounds $(Y_4)$, electron donating ability $(Y_5)$, sensory color $(Y_6)$ and sensory aroma $(Y_7)$. Second-order models were employed to generate 3-dimensional response surfaces for dependent variables and their coefficients of determination $(R^2)$ were ranged from 0.8063 to 0.9963. Optimum extraction conditions for each variable were 115 mL/g, 97%, 18 hr in yellow color, 145 mL/g, 50%, 12 hr in carotenoids, 147 mL/g, 48%, 17 hr in soluble solids, 116 mL/g, 68%, 17 hr in phenolic compounds, 110 mL/g, 98%, 14 hr in electron donating ability, 101 mL/g, 48%, 54 hr in organoleptic color and 109 mL/g, 54%, 4 hr in organoleptic aroma, respectively. The range of optimum conditions at 16hr extraction for maximized characteristics of ethanol extracts was $103{\sim}122\;mL/g$ and $64{\sim}78%$. Predicted values at the optimum condition agreed with experimental values.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2006

Purpose: Purpose of this study is to synthesize $^{99m}Tc$-labeled transferrin for injection imaging and to compare it with $^{67}Ga$-titrate for the detection of infectious foci. Materials and methods: Succinimidyl 6-hydrazino-nicotinate hydrochloride-chitosan-transferrin (Transferrin) was synthesized and radiolabeled with $^{99m}Tc$. Labeling efficiencies of $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin were determined at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 8 hr. Biodistribution and imaging studies with $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin and $^{67}Ga$-citrate were performed in a rat abscess model induced with approximately $2{\times}10^8$ colony forming unit of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Results: Successful synthesis of Transferrin was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Labeling efficiency of $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin was $96.2{\pm}0.7%,\;96.4{\pm}0.5%,\;96.6{\pm}1.0%,\;96.9{\pm}0.5%,\;97.0{\pm}0.7%\;and\;95.5{\pm}0.7%$ at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 8 hr, respectively. The injected dose per tissue gram of $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin was $0.18{\pm}0.01\;and\;0.18{\pm}0.01$ in the lesion and $0.05{\pm}0.01\;and\;0.04{\pm}0.01$ in the normal muscle, and lesion-to-normal muscle uptake ratio was $3.7{\pm}0.6\;and\;4.7{\pm}0.4$ at 30 min and 3 hr, respectively. On image, lesion-to-background ratio of $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin was $2.18{\pm}0.03,\;2.56{\pm}0.11,\;3.08{\pm}0.18,\;3.77{\pm}0.17,\;4.70{\pm}0.45\;and\;5.59{\pm}0.40$ at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 10 hr and those of $^{67}Ga$-citrate was $3.06{\pm}0.84,\;4.12{\pm}0.54\;and\;4.55{\pm}0.74 $ at 2 hr, 24 hr and 48 hr, respectively. Conclusion: Transferrin is successfully labeled with $^{99m}Tc$, and its labeling efficiency was higher than 95% and stable for 8 hours. $^{99m}Tc$-Transferrin scintigraphy showed higher image quality in shorter time compared to $^{67}Ga$-citrate image. $^{99m}Tc$-transferrin is supposed to be useful in the detection of the infectious foci.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2004

The quality of burley leaf tobacco was affected by various toasting conditions. In this study, we determined main factor to influence the quality of burley tobacco on toasting and established proper toasting condition to improve the quality of toasted tobacco. Our results indicated that the main factor to influence the quality of burley tobacco was the amount of treatment and 3rd drying zone temperature. We also found that the proper toasting conditions to improve the quality of toasted tobacco and reduce the smoking irritation were moisture content (34 %), amount of treatment (1,520kg/hr), 1st drying zone temperature (135$^{\circ}C$), 2nd zone drying temperature(145$^{\circ}C$) and 3rd zone drying temperature (147$^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.789-800
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• 2013

$N_2O$ and $CH_4$, Greenhouse gas emission, Forest soil, Closed chamber technique, Soil uptake $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ are important greenhouse gases (GHG) along with $CO_2$ influencing greatly on climate change. Their soil emission rates are highly affected by bio-geo-chemical processes in C and N through the land-atmosphere interface. The forest ecosystems are generally considered to be net emission for $N_2O$; however, net sinks for $CH_4$ by soil uptake. Soil $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ emissions were measured at Mt. Taewha in Gwangju, Kyeonggi, Korea. Closed chamber technique was used for surface gas emissions from forest soil during period from May to October 2012. Gas emission measurement was conducted mostly on daytime (from 09:00 to 18:00 LST) during field experiment period (total 25 days). The gas samples collected from chamber for $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ were analyzed by gas chromatography. Soil parameters were also measured at the sampling plot. GHG averages emissions during the experimental period were $3.11{\pm}16.26{\mu}g m^{-2}hr^{-1}$ for $N_2O$, $-1.36{\pm}11.3{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$ for $CH_4$, respectively. The results indicated that forest soil acted as a source of $N_2O$, while it acted like a sink of $CH_4$ on average. On monthly base, means of $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ flux during May (spring) were $8.38{\pm}48.7{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$, and $-3.21{\pm}31.39{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$, respectively. During August (summer) both GHG emissions were found to be positive (averages of $2.45{\pm}20.11{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$ for $N_2O$ and $1.36{\pm}9.09{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$ for $CH_4$); which they were generally released from soil. During September (fall) $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ soil uptakes were observed and their means were $-1.35{\pm}12.78{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$ and $-2.56{\pm}11.73{\mu}gm^{-2}hr^{-1}$, respectively. $N_2O$ emission was relatively higher in spring rather than other seasons. This could be due to dry soil condition during spring experimental period. It seems that soil moisture and temperature mostly influence gas production and consumption, and then emission rate in subsoil environment. Other soil parameters like soil pH and chemical composition were also discussed with respect to GHG emissions.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2010

The MTT assay is one of superior evaluation methods widely used to analyze the viability of metabolically active cell. It can be used to determine the percentage of viable sperm through measurement of the reduction of MTT granules at mitochondria in sperm tail. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal condition of a simple and easy MTT assay to validate boar sperm viability and compare the accuracy of this test with microscopic examination. The MTT reduction rate for sperm viability were analyzed in microtiter plates (96 well) from 1 hr to 5 hr incubation periods at $37^{\circ}C$ using spectrophotometer (microplate reader) at 550 nm wavelength. The remainder of semen sample was simultaneously examined to compare the correlation of accuracy between MTT assay and other sperm parameters. Those sperm parameters were included the motility, survival rates, membrane integrity, mitochondria activity and acrosome integrity. The OD values of MTT assay (MTT reduction rates) did not greatly change at 1 hr to 5 hr incubation periods in different proportion of live and freeze-killed sperms (dead sperm). The MTT reduction rates or survival rates were decreased according to the different concentration of live and dead sperm. The linear regression at 1 hr and 4 hr incubation periods in sperm MTT assay was y=291.55x-72.176 and y= 180.64x-44.569, respectively. There are high correlation between 1 hr and 4 hr incubation periods (p<0.001). The results of MTT assay and other sperm parameters has a positive correlation (p<0.01 or 0.05). The correlation coefficients for MTT assay was 0.88115 for motility, 0.89868 for survival rates, 0.91722 for membrane integrity and 0.77372 for acrosome integrity, respectively. In conclusion, the MTT assay can be used as a reliable and efficient evaluation method for boar sperm viability. It can be use practical means to evaluate the quality of boar sperm by a fast, inexpensive and easy method.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.57-71
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• 1983

1. Diluted chicken semen can be preserved at 2 to 5$^{\circ}C$ for 24 to 48 hr with resultant fertility of greater than 90% of that of fresh semen. Turkey semen can be preserved at 10 to 15$^{\circ}C$ for 6 to 24 hr and provide economical fertility. 2. Frozen chicken semen has given variable results; a 21 to 93% fertility ranges as compared to 92 to 94% expected with fresh semen. Highest fertility levels obtained with frozen turkey semen intravaginally inseminated have been 61 and 63% using DMSO and glycerol, respectively, as cryoprotectants. 3. The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant reauires that its concentration in semen be reduced to less than 2% either by dialysis or centrifugation after thawing and before intravaginal insemination if optimal fertility is to be obtained. 4. The temperature at which cryoprotectants are added to semen and the time allowed for equilibration are important for subsequent fertility pre- and post-freezing. 5. The type of container used for packaging the semen, freeze or cooling rates, thaw rates and level of cryoprotectant all interact in affecting cell survival. 6. Plastic freeze straws as a packaging device for semen offers the following advantages: easy to handle, require minimal storage space, offer a wide range of freeze and thaw rates, and insemination can be made directly from them upon thawing. 7. Controlled slow cooling rates of 1 to 8$^{\circ}C$/min have thus far provided the best results for cooling chicken semen throught the transition phase change (liquid to solid) or critical temperature range of ＋5 to -20 or -35$^{\circ}C$. 8. Highest fertilities have been achieved with frozen chicken semen where a slow thaw rate (2。 to 5$^{\circ}C$) has been used regardless of the freeze rate. 9. To maintain a constant high level of fertility throughout a breeding season with frozen semen, a higher absolute number of spermatozoa must be inseminated (2 to 3 times as many) as compared to fresh semen since a, pp.oximately 50% are destroyed during processing and freezing. 10. The quality of semen may vary with season and age of the male. Such changes in sperm quality could be accentuated by storage effects. Thus, the correct number of spermatozoa may very well vary during the course of a breeding period. 11. As to time of insemination, it is best to avoid inseminating chicken hens within 1-2 hr after or 3-5 hr before oviposition; and turkey hens during or 7-10 hr before oviposition. 12. The physiological receptiveness of the oviduct at the time of insemination is a very important biological factor influencing fertility levels throughout the breeding season.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2005

This study was designed to investigate the changes of quantity and quality of proteins in medium and cytoplasm during in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes. The total quantity of proteins in medium decreased from 0 to 4.5 hr, but increased from 13.5 to 18 hr after the onset of in vitro maturation. The total quantity of protein in cytoplasm increased from 0 to 4.5 hr, decreased from 4.5 to 9 hr, and increased after 18 hr after the onset of in vitro maturation. A total of 298 protein spots was detected on a gel of 2D SDS-PAGE form maturation medium. Among 28 protein spots expressed significant differences in their quantity, 8 proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting (aldose reductase, alpha enolase, apolipoprotein A-1 precursor, 43kDa collectin precursor, heat shock 27kDa protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 precursor, thrombospondin 1, transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase). Among total of 35 protein spots detected on gel of 2D SDS-PACE from oorytes cytoplasm, $\beta$-tubulin was identified by peptide mass fingerprinting.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.336-345
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• 2001

The construction of underwater structures has been increased, but underwater concrete hassome problems of quality deterioration and contamination around in-situ of civil and architecture; therefore, new materials and methods for them are demanded. In this paper in-situ application of underwater antiwashout concrete which is manufactured for trio purpose of not only decreasing suspended solids and the heat of hydration but also increasing long term strength was studied. In the case of mock-up test(Ⅰ), when underwater antiwashout concrete, whose slump flow was 58 cm, was placed in the mock-up test at a speed of 24 ㎥/hr, it took about a minute to flow to the side wall, and the surface was maintained at horizontal level. In this case, compressive strength of the core specimens in each section was higher than the standard design compressive strength of 240 kgf/㎠. In the case of mock-up test(II), pH value and suspended solids of high strength underwater antiwashout concrete were 10.0∼11.0 and 51 mg/ℓ at 30 minutes later, initial and final setting time were about 30, 37 hr, and the slump flow of that was 53$\pm$2 cm. In the placement at a speed of 27 ㎥/hr, there was no large difference in flowing velocity, with or without reinforcement and flowing slope was maintained at horizontal level. In this case, compressive strength and elastic modulus of the core specimens somewhat decreased as flowing distance was far : however, those of central area showed the highest value.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.848-854
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• 2011

The objective of this research was to experimentally test the effect of rice straw mats on the reduction of runoff, sediment and discharge under a laboratory scale with different rainfall intensity and slopes. We used the small runoff plots of $1m{\times}1m{\times}0.65m$ ($L{\times}W{\times}H$) in size were filled with loamy sand. Experimental treatments were bare (control), rice straw mats + PAM(SP), rice straw mats + PAM + sawdust(SPS) and rice straw mats + PAM + rice husks(SPR); slope of 10% or 20%; and rainfall intensity of 30 or 60 mm/hr. Runoff volume and coefficient from covered plots were significantly lower than those from control plots. Under the 30 mm/hr and 10% simulations, average runoff coefficient of covered plots decreased more than 92%. Under 60 mm/hr and 20% simulations, the ratios were between 39.8~58.1%. Under the condition of 30 mm/hr rainfall and 10% slope, sediment discharge from covered plots was practically zero. And at 20% plots, sediment reduction ratio was more than 95%. Under the condition of 60 mm/hr rainfall, sediment reduction ratio of 10 and 20% plots ranged between 86.3~95.3% and between 79.8~86.5%, respectively. The differences in initial runoff time, runoff and sediment discharge among different cover materials were not significant. Rainfall intensity showed higher impact on initial runoff time, runoff, and sediment discharge than slope. It was also shown that even if runoff reduction by surface cover were low, sediment discharge reduction could be very significant and contribute to improve the water quality of streams in sloping agricultural regions. It was concluded that the use of straw mat and PAM on sloping agricultural fields could reduce soil erosion and muddy runoff significantly and help improve the water quality and aquatic ecosystem in receiving waters.