• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2019

Diatom growth is affected by associated bacteria that probably provide useful substances like vitamins. In the present study, we analysed the variation of vitamins $B_1$, $B_7$ and $B_{12}$ on the growth stages of the marine diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana and assessed putative vitamin-producing bacteria (e.g., ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria). HPLC analysis showed that total amounts of vitamins $B_1$ and $B_{12}$ decreased with cell growth, whereas vitamin $B_7$ increased gradually on the growth stages. $B_1$ and $B_{12}$ measured 0.5% and 0.18% at the stationary phase, following 0.25% and 0.72% at the lag phase. They considerably increased to 0.75% and 0.77% at the death stage. 16S pyrosequencing showed relatively high ratios of ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria in all the growth stages of the C. meneghiniana. In addition, we detected previously-reported vitamin-producing bacteria, such as Marinobacter, in high numbers. The species was dorminant in the lag (relative abundance 72%) and exponetial (72%) stages, whareas it decreased in the stationary (49%) and death (48%) stages. These results suggest that vitamins $B_1$ or $B_{12}$ may be necesaary for diatom growth and that associated bacteria, including Marinobacter, may produce these substances for the cell growth of C. meneghiniana.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to analyze the free sugar contents of ten kinds of fruits and fruit vegetables that were collected from many district in Korea. The analyzed results will be used as basic nutrition component reference to processing. The results were summarized as follows. The total free sugar contents among the ten kinds of fruit vegetables was highest in grape. The contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose were 6.39%, 6.27%, 0.28%, respectively. The average total sugar contents of four cultivar of apple was 11.42% and average fructose contents was 6.13%. The free sugar contents of thirteen samples of the same cultivar of apple were all differing with statistical significance. The average total free sugar contents of eight cultivar of peach was 8.66%. In case of tomato, glucose content was approximately 1.35~2.83% and fructose was 1.26~2.51%. The contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose in paprika were 2.19%, 2.06%, 0.1%, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.379-384
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• 2019

This study was to investigate the sorbic acid, benzoic acid and sulfur dioxide in commonly consumed beverages, snacks and instant ramens in Korea. A total of 150 food samples including 50 beverages, 50 snacks and 50 instant ramens were examined using the Korea Food Code method. Sorbic and benzoic acid were analyzed by the HPLC method, whereas sulfur dioxide was measured by Monnier-Williams method. Our results indicated that benzoic acid was detected in six beverages samples, and its concentration was in the range of 3.08-11.94 mg/kg. The contents of both sorbic and benzoic acid in 50 beverage samples did not exceed the residue allowance standards set by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). Sulfur dioxide was detected in 12 beverages samples, but its content was lower than the detection limit specified in the method by the Korea Food Code. On the other hand, sorbic acid was not detected all samples. These results provide a basic data regarding sorbic acid, benzoic acid and sulfur dioxide in commonly consumed beverages, snacks and instant ramens in Korea.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.238-243
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• 2019

In this study, the marker compounds of Curcumae Rhizoma (CR) were simultaneously quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector and the anti-inflammatory effects of CR extract and marker compounds in human benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial-1 (BPH-1) cell lines were investigated. The marker components (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, furanodienone, and germacrone, were separated on Gemini $C_{18}$ columns ($250mm{\times}4.6mm$, $5{\mu}m$) at $40^{\circ}C$ by using a gradient of two mobile phases eluting at 1.0 mL/min. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) levels in Human BPH-1 cells were determined with an ELISA kit. The coefficients of determination in a calibration curve of each analyte were all 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantification of the three compounds were $0.10-0.32{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.30-0.98{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The content of three compounds, (4S,5S)-(+)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide, furanodienone, and germacrone, in the CR sample were found to be 5.79 - 5.92 mg/g, 4.72 - 4.86 mg/g, and 1.06 - 1.09 mg/g, respectively. Regarding pharmacological activity against benign prostatic hyperplasia, CR and its components significantly suppressed $PGE_2$ levels of BPH-1 cells. The established analysis method will help to improve quality assessment of CR samples and related products. In addition, CR and its components exhibit antiinflammatory activity in BPH-1 cells, suggesting the inhibitory efficacy of these compounds against the pathogenesis of BPH.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2019

The effects of Lavandula angustifolia extract fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus DK1 on UVB-mediated MMP-1 expression and collagen decrease in human skin fibroblasts were determined, and the conversion of its components was also analyzed. Fermentation was performed at varying L. angustifolia extract and MRS medium concentrations, and optimal fermentation conditions were selected. L. angustifolia extracts showed decreased cytotoxicity after fermentation in the fibroblasts. UVB-irradiated fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extract showed MMP-1 expression 8.2-14.0% lower than that in UVB-irradiated fibroblasts treated with non-fermented extract. This was observed even at fermented extract concentrations lower than those of non-fermented extracts. Fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extract showed 20% less reduction in collagen production upon UVB irradiation than those treated with non-fermented extracts. UVB-irradiated fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extracts showed 50% higher inhibition of ROS generation than those treated with non-fermented extract. Luteolin and apigenin glycosides of L. angustifolia were converted during fermentation, and identified using RP-HPLC and LC/ESI-MS. Therefore, the effects of L. angustifolia extract on MMP-1 expression and collagen decrease in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts were increased through fermentation by P. pentosaceus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.502-511
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• 2021

In this study, the content of water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin B₁ (thiamin), B₂ (riboflavin), B₃ (niacin), B₅ (pantothenic acid), B₆ (pyridoxine), B₇ (biotin), B₁₂ (cyanocobalamin), and C (ascorbic acid) in dishes containing meat and seafood consumed in Korea were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. All analyses were performed under strict quality control of vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, B₅, B₆, B₇, B₁₂, and C. The highest content of vitamin B₁ was observed in Bugeo-gangjeong (1.373 mg/100 g) and the highest level of vitamin B₂ (5.162 mg/100 g) was found in pig liver. Bugeo-gangjeong showed the highest content of vitamin B₃ (21.676 mg/100 g), and kkomak-muchim contained considerable amounts (43.310 mg/100 g) of vitamin B₅. Vitamin B₆ was not detected in most seafood dishes except for yangnyeom myeongran-jeot (0.274 mg/100 g) and was present at low levels or not present at all in meat dishes. The highest content of vitamin B₇ was 6.506 ㎍/100 g in saeu-jeon and kkomak-muchim showed the highest content (21.132 ㎍/100 g) of vitamin B₁₂. The highest content of vitamin C was in yangnyeom myeongran-jeot (84.508 mg/100 g). In addition, the analysis methods of each water-soluble vitamin were verified. These results showed that seafood-based ingredients in several dishes could be a good source of water-soluble vitamins.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2021

Objective : Yukgunja-tang is one of the herbal prescriptions widely used for functional indigestion. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacological effect through the Yukgunja-tang formulation development. Methods : The RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with Yukgunja-tang tablet (YGJT-T : 50, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖) and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS : 500 ng/㎖). Cell viability, inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were measured. Also, ICR mice induced acute gastritis by oral administration of 150 mM HCl in 60% ethanol. The YGJT-T (30 mg/kg) was pretreated for 3 days, and 150 mM HCl in 60% ethanol was orally administered 1 hour after the last drug treatment. Mice were sacrificed 1 hour after oral administration of 150 mM HCl in 60% ethanol. The gastric mucosa was observed, and inflammatory cytokines in the gastric tissue were measured. Results : The marker components of YGJT-T were determined by simultaneous analysis using HPLC. In RAW 264.7 cells, pretreatment of YGJT-T was non-toxic and inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2 and suppressed inflammatory cytokines. In addition, pretreatment of YGJT-T improved bleeding and edema due to gastric lesions caused by acute gastritis and suppressed inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion : In summary, our results confirmed that treatment with YGJT-T has anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effects in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, in this study, YGJT-T could support a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of gastritis.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2020

Sialic acid, which is contained in about 60-160 mg/kg in the edible bird's nest (EBN), is known to facilitate in the proper formation of synapses and improve memory function. The objective of this study is to extract effectively the sialic acid from edible bird's nest using affinity bead technology (ABT). After preparing the non-polar polymeric bead "KJM-278-28A" having a porous network structure, and then desorbed sialic acid was concentrated and dried. The analysis of the physicochemical properties of bead "KJM-278-28A" showed that the particle size was 400-700 ㎛, the moisture holding capacity was 67-70%, the surface area (BET) was 705-900 ㎡/g, and the average pore diameter 70-87 Å. The adsorption capacity of the bead "KJM-278-28A" for sialic acid was shown a strong physical force to bind sialic acid to the bead surface of 400 mg/L. In addition, as a result of analyzing the adsorption and desorption effects of sialic acid on water, ethanol, and 10% ethanol on the bead, it was confirmed that desorption effectively occurs from the beads when only ethanol is used. As a result of HPLC measurement of the separated sialic acid solution, a total of four sialic acid peaks of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), α,β-anomer of Neu5Ac and N-glycoly-neuraminic acid were identified. Through these results, it was confirmed that it is possible to separate sialic acid from EBN extract with efficient and high yield when using ABT.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.384-393
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• 2021

Recently, due to environmental and toxicity issues, there has been increasing attention on research regarding natural products that can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Wood extracts derived from the biorefining process contain various fertilizer ingredients. HPLC analysis revealed that wood extract contains approximately 5.2% hemicellulosic sugar. The growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) upon treatment with wood extract (extract obtained from steam-exploded pine) or water-soluble fertilizers containing different nutrients was analyzed in this study. After two weeks, the growth characteristics of lettuce as affected by wood extract or water-soluble fertilizers were significantly different. The effect of water-soluble fertilizers containing ascorbic acid, magnesium sulfate, citric acid, potassium nitrate, amino acids, or seaweed extract was less desirable than that of wood extracts regarding plant height (18.6 cm), number of leaves (10), leaf length (14.1 cm), shoot fresh wight (9.8 g/plant), root fresh weight (0.8 g/plant) and shoot dry weight (0.6 g/plant). The plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, shoot fresh wight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight of water-soluble fertilizers containing wood extract were significantly different compared to the control (plant height :13.5 cm, number of leaves : 7, leaf length : 9.4 cm, shoot fresh wight : 5.3 g/plant, root fresh weight : 0.7 g/plant, shoot dry weight : 0.4 g/plant, root dry weight : 0.07 g/plant). From these results, it was concluded that wood extract can be used as a potential water-soluble fertilizer to increase the yield of leafy vegetables.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.76-103
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• 2021

Objectives This study was designed to examine the effect of Gleditsiae Fructus n-hexane (GSF_Hx) on two different groups (on the LPS-induced activation of Raw264.7 cells in vitro, and on the DNCB-induced activation of atopic dermatitis NC/Nga Tnd mice in vivo) to find index components and active components of Gleditsiae Fructus. Methods GSF_Hx was analyzed by HPLC profiling and confirmed echinocystic acid (EA), oleanolic acid (OA) as index components of Gleditsiae Fructus. Using GSF_Hx, EA, OA, we investigated IL-6, TNF-α, NO production by ELISA analysis and evaluated manifestations of MAPKs transcription factors and NF-κB p65 translocation by western blotting. During In vivo study, atopic dermatitis was induced on NC/Nga Tnd mice by DNCB and administered GSF_Hx, EA, OA orally, and checked skin lesions and measured skin clinical score. Serum IgE level, Th1 and Th2 cytokines secretion and modulating molecular mediators and immune cells in the spleenocyte culture supernatant, PBMCs, ALN and dorsal skin were also measured by real-time PCR. Then, skin rash was evaluated and mast cell distribution was verified by H&E and toluidine blue staining on dorsal skin. Results It is possible that GSF_Hx, EA and OA reduce inflammation and allergic response of atopic dermatitis by suppressing Th1 and Th2 cytokines secretion and modulating molecular mediators and immune cells. They also had moisturizing effect by raising vitality of ceramide in dorsal skin of atopic dermatitis NC/Nga Tnd mice. However, EA particularly had better overall activity data than OA, that EA could be a more effective active component of Gleditsiae Fructus than OA. Conclusions Based on the inflammatory reduction property with moisturizing effect, GSF_Hx may play a role in effective treatment for atopic dermatitis.