• Journal of Interdisciplinary Genomics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2021

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is a hypersensitivity reactions to specific medications, and remain a common and major problem in healthcare. ADRs suchc as drug-induced liver injury and life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms can be occurred by uncontrolled expansion of oligoclonal T cells according to genetically predisposing HLA. In this review, I summarized the alleles of HLA genes which have been proposed to have association with ADRs caused by different drugs.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.558-563
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• 2009

Objective : Moyamoya disease (MMD) is an uncommon cerebrovascular disorder, characterized by progressive occlusion at the terminal portion of the internal carotid artery. Incidence of the disease is high in East Asia and familial MMD accounts for about 15% of the disease. Although the pathogenesis is unknown, association of HLA class I or II alleles with MMD has been reported with conflicting results. We investigated whether there is a difference in HLA class II association between familial and non-familial forms of the disease. Methods : A total of 70 Korean children with MMD, including 16 familial cases (10 probands), and 207 healthy controls were studied. Among familial cases, only 10 probands were used for the HLA frequency analysis. High resolution HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequence specific oligonucleotide hybridization and PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism methods. Results : The phenotype frequencies of HLA-DRB1*1302 (70.0%) and DQB1*0609 (40.0%) were significantly increased in familial MMD compared to both controls [vs. 15.5%, corrected p ($p_c$) = 0.008, odds ratio (OR) = 12.76; vs. 4.3%, $p_c\;=\;0.02$, OR = 14.67] and non-familial MMD patients (vs. 14.8%, $p_c\;=\;0.02$, OR = 13.42; vs. 1.9%, $p_c\;=\;0.02$, OR = 35.33). The frequencies of DRB1 and DQB1 alleles in non-familial MMD patients were not significantly different from those in controls. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that the genetic polymorphism of HLA class II genes or other closely linked disease relevant gene(s) could be a genetic predisposing factor for familial MMD.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2003

There have been several the reports that the mechanism of Sasang consititution might be understood in the level of genes. Previous study of the authors showed that HLA types and constitutional information had significant relationships. One hundred subjects who showed Taeum characteristics were selected in the present study. HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, ACE, ${\beta}-IIAR$, ${\beta}-IIIAR$, UCP-1, and ALDH2 polymorphisms were analyzed. Also, ACE, ${\beta}-IIAR$, ${\beta}-IIIAR$, UCP-1, and ALDH2 analyses were performed on the 100 samples of previous study who showed Taeyang characteristics. Despite of several significant differences of HLA allele frequencies between Taeum-inclined group and normal control group, this significance level was not sufficient ro support the association between constitution and HLA genes, because of the raised alpha error rate. The polymorphisrns of ACE, ${\beta}-IIAR$, ${\beta}-IIIAR$, UCP-1, and ALDH2 genes did not show relationship between Taeyang-inclined and Taeum-inclined groups, whereas BMI showed difference between Taeyang-inclined and Taeum-inclined groups. ALDH2 in Taeyang-inclined group confirmed the protective role of ALDH2*2 allele against alcoholism.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.82 no.2
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• pp.245-258
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• 2022

Many Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) methods have been proposed for structural damage diagnosis and prognosis. However, SHM for pinched hysteretic structures can be problematic due to the high level of nonlinearity. The model-free hysteresis loop analysis (HLA) has displayed notable robustness and accuracy in identifying damage for full-scaled and scaled test buildings. In this paper, the performance of HLA is compared with seven other SHM methods in identifying lateral elastic stiffness for a six-story numerical building with highly nonlinear pinching behavior. Two successive earthquakes are employed to compare the accuracy and consistency of methods within and between events. Robustness is assessed across sampling rates 50-1000 Hz in noise-free condition and then assessed with 10% root mean square (RMS) noise added to responses at 250 Hz sampling rate. Results confirm HLA is the most robust method to sampling rate and noise. HLA preserves high accuracy even when the sampling rate drops to 50 Hz, where the performance of other methods deteriorates considerably. In noisy conditions, the maximum absolute estimation error is less than 4% for HLA. The overall results show HLA has high robustness and accuracy for an extremely nonlinear, but realistic case compared to a range of leading and recent model-based and model-free methods.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1081-1090
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• 2011

High Level Architecture(HLA) is a specification for interoperation among heterogeneous simulators which are executed in a distributed environment. HLA originally allows a number of federates to join in a federation using a single RTI(Run-Time Infrastructure). To interoperate federations without modifying RTI, agent federate, which represents behavior of a federation, can be used. Agent federate can use MOM(Management Object Model) service or agent-user protocol to acquire information of a federation. This paper performs various experiments to measure performance of two architectures. MOM service shows a loss of performance but can be applied without modifying user federates. Experiment results can be used to determine appropriate architecture for interoperation of federations.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

During the past several years the ROK military has made an effort to build LVC synthetic battlefield that reflects the real world environment. In spite of its efforts, little has been accomplished. The disappointing achievement is mainly due to the lack of operational requirements and concepts, and policies or systematic approaches on the architecture and technology. Furthermore, there is insufficient understanding on the basic concepts and principles, and conflicting interests between organizations. In this study, I propose to construct an LVC based on the HLA that focuses on the system view and technical standard view, rather than the operational view. The proposed approach employs the information centric integration, focuses on an architecture convergence efforts based on the HLA/RTI, emphasizes the HLA compliance test and federation test, adapts to DSEEP, DMAO, and FEAT, and finally invents and implements an LVC Compliance Test System.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2000

Purpose: Our study was designed to investigate the association of MHC Class II (DR, DQ) allele with IgA nephropathy and its significance as a prognostic factor for progression to ESRD Material and Methods: 69 children with IgA nephropathy with normal renal function(serum creatinine $\leq$ 1.5mg/dL) was classified as group A and 70 patients who received renal transplantation due to IgA nephropathy were selected as group B. The HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 alleles were studied by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primers. We have compared the difference in alleles between these two groups and with normal control and also examined any possible effect of the MHC class II genes on the histopathological severity and prognosis of IgAN. Results: Mean age was $8.8{\pm}2.9$ years in group A and $35.0{\pm}15.5$ years in group B. Male to female ratio was 2.8:1 in group A and 2.5:1 in group B. There was a significantly higher frequency of HLA-$DQB1^*03\;and\;DQB1^*05$ in Group B. The frequency of HLA-$DQB1^*0302\;and\;^*05031$ allele had increasing tendency in Group B(P<0.05). HLA-$DRB1^*03\;and\;^*05$ were more common in Group B(P<0.05). HLA-$DRB1^*04$ allele was the most common DR alleles in both group, but there was no statistical significance. There were no significant correlation with MHC class 13 genes on the hjstopathological severity in Group A. Conclusion: In conclusion, $HLA-DQB1^*0302\;and\;HLA-DQB1^*05031 $ allele seemed to be more common in transplanted patients compared to group with normal renal function suggesting that this allele is associated with poor prognosis in IgAN. However larger studies and follow up are required to confirm this due to uncharacterized heterogeneity in etiopathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and possibly one or more than one gene may exert influence in determining susceptibility to the diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2001.10b
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• pp.1253-1256
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• 2001

최근 모델링 및 시뮬레이션(M&S) 체계 구축 관련 기술들이 미 국방부를 중심으로 활발히 연구됨은 물론 민간 사업으로 확산되는 등 그 소요가 급속히 증가하고 있다. 또한 기존의 모형 및 개발 모형들도 차세대 연동 체계인 RTI(Run_Time Infrastructure)를 모형에 적용함으로써 HLA(High Level Architecture)를 포함한 차세대 M&S 체계의 핵심 기술을 조기에 획득하여 이를 개발하고 운용하는 능력을 확보하는 것이 시급히 요구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 첨단 정보 기술의 결집체인 HLA 의 핵심 기술을 이용한 HLA 시뮬레이션 방법을 제시하였으며, HLA가 보장하는 상호 운용성과 재사용성을 모형 확장을 통해 확인하였다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2002

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by diverse clinical manifestations and autoantibody production, which is known to be strongly influenced by genetic factors. Previous studies have revealed the associations of SLE with HLA class II alleles and antiphospholipid antibody system (anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) and anti-${\beta}_2$ glycoprotein I antibody (anti-${\beta}_2$ GPI)). Therefore, we studied the associations of HLA class II alleles with SLE and antiphospholipid antibody system. Methods: The genotyping for HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 alleles were performed in 61 SLE patients and 100 controls by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequence specific oligonucleotide probe method. ELISA tests for aCL and anti-${\beta}_2$ GPI were performed in 39 of the 61 SLE patients. The results were evaluated statistically by Chi-square test. Results: The frequencies of the HLA-$DRB1^*15$ and $DQB1^*06$ in SLE patients were significantly higher than those in controls. HLA-$DRB1^*12$ was significantly lower in SLE patients than controls. Nine of 39 patients were positive for aCL (IgG) and three were positive for aCL (IgM). One of 39 patients were positive for anti-${\beta}_2$ GPI (IgG) and none of them positive for anti-${\beta}_2$ GPI (IgM). Association of aCL with HLA class II alleles was not observed in our study. Conclusion: According to our results, it was found that HLA-$DRB1^*15$ and $DQB1^*06$ were associated with genetic susceptiblility and $DRB1^*12$ was associated with resistance to SLE in Korean population. No Association of aCL with HLA class II alleles was observed and the positive rate for anti-${\beta}_2$ GPI was very low.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.97-104
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• 2011

Defense M&S software industry has carried out a variety of studies related to an efficient implementation of large-scale simulation and interoperability with respect to each of the system and HLA has been developed to provide a common architecture for distributed simulation of them. HLA defines Federate interface specification and provides services through RTI. Meanwhile, the difficulty lies in developing the software based HLA. Federate developer needs to understand how to handle Metadata produced RTI and has to modify the interface code whenever FDD is modified. This paper presents the implementation method of SOM interface using the code generation technique and middleware architecture for providing simple API. It solves the problem for implementing the framework of distributed object communication by using proposed method.