• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2014

We examined the immunogenicity of H-2 class I-restricted and HLA-A2-restricted epitopes through peptide immunization of HLA-A2-transgenic mice that also express mouse H-2 class I molecules. All four of the tested epitopes restricted by H-2 class I robustly elicited T-cell responses, but four of seven epitopes restricted by HLA-A2 did not induce T-cell responses, showing that HLA-A2-restricted peptide epitopes tend to be poorly immunogenic in HLA-A2-transgenic mice. This finding was confirmed in HLA-A2-transgenic mice infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing hepatitis C virus proteins. We examined the precursor frequency of epitope-specific naïve $CD8^+$ T cells in HLA-A2-transgenic and conventional C57BL/6 mice and found that the poor immunogenicity of HLA-A2-restricted peptide epitopes is related to the paucity of naïve $CD8^+$ T-cell precursors in HLA-A2-transgenic mice. These results provide direction for the improvement of mouse models to study epitope repertoires and the immunodominance of human T-cell responses.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.94-97
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• 2008

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the name of the major histocompatibility complex (MCH) in humans. The superlocus contains a large number of genes related to immune system function in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6. and encode cell surface antigen-presenting proteins and many other genes. HLA class I antigen (A, B & C) present peptides from inside the cell. These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the lysozymes. Most expressed HLA loci exhibit a remarkable degree of allelic polymorphism, which derives from sequence differences predominantly localized to discrete hypervariable regions of the amino terminal domain of the molecule. In this sutdy, the HLA-A genotypes were determined in twenty students unrelated koreans using the PCR-SSP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Sequence Specific Primer) technique. Several specific primer pairs in assigning the HLA-A gene were used (A*0201, A*33, A*2401). The results of PCR-SSP, the HLA-A*0201 primer was detected eleven (55%), the HLA-A*33 were detected seven (35%) and the HLA-A*2401 were detected seven (35%). This study shows that the PCR-SSP technique is relatively simple, fast and a practical tool for the determination of the HLA-A genotypes.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Simulation Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.79-83
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• 2002

High Level Architecture (HLA)는 이기종 시뮬레이터 간의 연동을 위한 미들웨어이다. 본 논문에서는 Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) 형식론을 바탕으로 한 DEVS 모델의 시뮬레이션을 HLA 기반에서 수행하는 방법에 대하여 제시한다. DEVS 시뮬레이션 메시지를 HLA의 서비스를 사용하여 변환하여 기존의 시뮬레이션 알고리즘을 그대로 사용하여 분산 시뮬레이션 할 수 있는 방식에 대하여 기술한다. 또한 모델 사이의 연결 정보를 HLA 환경에서 이용하는 방식에 대하여 기술한다. 제안된 방식을 구현한 DEVSimHLA 시뮬레이션 환경의 구조 및 동작 방식에 대하여 알아보고 이를 이용한 간단한 예제를 보인다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.373-375
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 최근에 각광을 받고 있는 HLA의 연구 현황을 파악하고 HLA의 기본 개념, 구성 요소, HLA를 이용한 시뮬레이션의 개발 방법 등에 대하여 조사하였다. 그리고 SMART-P 안전해석 전산코드인 TASS/SMR을 HLA에 적용하기 위한 방법에 대하여 기술하였으며 랩퍼 (Wrapper)를 사용하여 TASS/SMR을 HLA에 적용하여 보았다. 이러한 연구 결과로 TASS/SMR을 HLA에 적용, 구현하여 실행됨을 확인하였으며 그 결과로 레거시 코드를 HLA에 적용할 수 있는 방향을 제시하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.415-417
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• 2001

HLA(High Level Architecture)는 차세대 DIS(Distributed Interactive Simulation)를 이어 네트워크 분산 시뮬레이션의 기반이 되는 표준 아키텍쳐이다. 이 HLA 시스템의 개발 과정에서 FEDEP(Federation Development and Execution Process) Model이 제안되었는데, FEDEP의 목적은 federation 개발자가 application의 요구를 충족시킬 수 있도록 federation 개발 및 실행에 대한 guideline을 정하는 것이다. FEDEP의 일련의 process들 중에서 노동집약적인 과정은 CASE(Computer Aided Software Engineering) tool을 사용함으로써 보다 강화되고 능률적으로 이루어질 수 있다. 본 논문에서 소개하는 HLA Application Builder 는 federate 와 federation을 자동적으로 생성하는 CASE tool 로서, 자동적인 FED(Federation Execution Data)file 및 C++ source code를 생성함으로써 HLA Federation 개발에 있어서의 인력(manpower)을 크게 줄일 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 HLA에 대한 배경지식과 HLA Application Builder 개발의 필요성과 구현, 그리고 실제 예를 들어서 HLA Application Builder가 어떻게 federation 개발에 사용되는지에 대해서 설명한다.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 1994

For the purpose of evaluating the human leukocyte antigen(HLA) disease-association with bipolar disorder, HLA class I and class II allelic frequencies were assessed in 37 bipolar patients and were compared to the data from normal population. HLA class 1 typing was performed with microlymphocytotoxicity method while class II(DRB1) genotyping with reverse dot blot hybridization and sandwich method. Statistical analysis consisted of relative risk, Haldane's modified relative risk, Fisher's exact test and Bonferoni's corrected P. The results were as follows : 1) Bipolar patients showed increased allelic frequency of HLA A3 which has statistical significance. 2) Allelic frequencies of HLA B7, B14 and B54 were higher, while those of B51 and B55 were lower in bipolar patients, but they were not statistically significant. 3) Both of increased frequencies of DR2 in bipolar patients and DR15 in normal controls had statistical significance. The results of the present study suggested that some of HLA allelic types might be associated with bipolar disorder. To clarify the genetic influence of HLA to bipolar disorder, we should do consecutive study of bipolar disorder with new information about HLA system including alleles.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2008

The High Level Architecture(HLA) is the IEEE 1516 standard for interoperation between heterogeneous simulators which are developed with different languages and platforms. Run-Time Infrastructure(RTI) is a software which implements the HLA Interface Specification. With the development of time management service of RTI, it is necessary to consider an efficient design approach and an algorithm of Greatest Available Logical Time(GALT) computation. However, many time management services of existing RTIs have difficulty in modification and extension. Although some RTIs avoid this difficulty through modular design, they comply with not IEEE 1516 HLA/RTI but HLA 1.3. In addition, a lot of RTIs made use of well-known Mattern's algorithm for GALT computation. However, Mattern's algorithm has a few limitations for applying to IEEE 1516 HLA/RTI. This paper proposes a modular design and an implementation of time management service for IEEE 1516 HLA/RTI. We divided th time management service module into two sub-modules: a TIME module and a GALT module and used Mattern's algorithm improved for IEEE 1516 HLARTI. The paper also contains several experimental results in order to evaluate our time management service module.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ genotype in children diagnosed with celiac disease (CD) (biopsy proven), and to compare this with a control group; and secondarily, to correlate HLA genotypes with clinical profiles of CD. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative observational study included 26 controls and 52 patients diagnosed with CD who presented at Sir Padampat Mother and Child Health Institute, Jaipur, from May, 2017 to October, 2018. HLA DQ genotype was assessed for each patients and correlated with clinical profiles. Results: HLA DQ2/DQ8 genotypes were significantly more common in CD (present in 100.0% cases) than in controls (23.1%) in Northern India (Rajasthan). When HLA DQ2.5 and DQ8 were present together, individuals had significantly more atypical presentations and severe findings on duodenal biopsy. Similarly, patients with the HLA DQ 2.5 genotype were also predisposed to more severe endoscopic findings, while HLA DQ2.2 predisposed them to less severe biopsy findings. HLA DQ8 was significantly associated with later age at diagnosis (>5 years) and shorter stature. The highest HLA DQ relative risk (RR) for CD development was associated with HLA DQ2.5 and DQ2.2 in combination, followed by HLA DQ2.5 and DQ8 in combination, while HLA DQx.5 and HLA DQ2.2 together had the lowest risk. Conclusion: HLA DQ2/DQ8 genotypes are strongly associated with pediatric CD patients in northern India. These genotypes and their combinations may be associated with different clinical presentations of CD, and may help predict severity of CD.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.467-473
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• 2003

Purpose : The Epstein-Barr virus(EBV), gamma herpesvirus, is an important pathogen that is widespread around the world. The EBV causes various diseases depending on the geographic location, and on the immunity or the premorbid condition of the person exposed to EBV. To evaluate EBV typing may be the most important step to figure out the pathogenesis of EBV associated diseases, and we need to re-evaluate the pathologic role of human leukocyte antigen(HLA) in developing Epstein- Barr virus associated acute infectious mononucleosis by using newly developed methods. Methods : This study included 24 children(age range : 6 to 13 years), serologically confirmed with acute infectious mononucleosis. The control group for the HLA type consisted of 200 age-matched healthy children. To classify HLA I, modified ARMs-PCR was used, while modified PCR-SSOP was utilized in typing of HLA II. Also, we performed EBV typing in study patients by using a one-step PCR. Results : The results of HLA types : In HLA class I, HLA-A24 was positive in 69 of 200 healthy children and positive in 14 of 24 patients in the study group(relative risk : 3.5724, chi-square; 5.26, P<0.05). In HLA class II, HLA-DRB1*07 was detected in 18 of 200 healthy children, and eight of 24 patients in the study group(relative risk; 506173, chi-square; 9.73, P<0.01). The results of EBV types : In the research group, 20(83.8%) of 24 patients were shedding type A virus, while 4(16.7%) were type B. Conclusion : We conclude that development of infectious mononucleosis may be associated with HLA types, and these results suggest that acute infectious mononucleosis could have hereditary traits. And we confirm that type A EBV is highly prevalent in patients with acute infectious mononucleosis in Korea. Also, our results suggest that further large scale studies, including adult groups, regarding the association between pathogenesis of EBV with HLA-DP or HLA-DQ will be warranted.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.12D no.5 s.101
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• pp.797-806
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• 2005

The objective of the In-h(High Level Architecture) have recommended by DoD(Department of Defense) is to facilitate interoperability among simulations and to promote reuse of their components. There are many legacy simulation softwares developed before the HLA becomes simulation standard. The integration of legacy simulations into federations using the HLA is an important research topic in M&S(Modeling and Simulation) area. Legacy simulation softwares of the mission critical industry such as nuclear and aerospace are generally use Fortran language. However, the reuse of those is not easy because the HLA is not support Fortran language. This paper suggests a integration method which minimizes the modification of legacy simulation software and migrates the legacy simulation software to HLA federation. Each federate participating in federation have the separated executables that communicate via a shared memory created at run-time. Two types of shared memory blocks are used for publication and subscription. Declaration block for global variables used in legacy simulation software is separated for publication and subscription and then mapped as classes of objects and interactions for the HLA FOM design. To validate the suggested method, we approached the HLA integration of legacy nuclear simulation code being used in plant design and to observe the integration results, we used the FMT(Federation Management Tool). The diagnostic information which the FTM displays showed that our method can be successfully and effectively used for a HLA federation.