• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 1995

The antiulcer effects of newly synthesized prostaglandin derivatives were investigated in various experimental ulcer models and on gastric secretion in rats. HK-3 and HK-4, PG $E_2$derivatives, prevented the formation of acute gastric ulcer induced by ethanol or aspirin in pylorus-ligated rats. The ulcer formation was moderately inhibited by HK-1 and HK-2, PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ derivatives, and aggravated by SK-1, SK-2 and SK-3, PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ derivatives. HK-3 and HK-4 reduced the volume, acid output and pepsin output of gastric juice in pylorus-ligated rats. The gastric perfusion with physiologic saline(pH 6.0) showed relatively constant acid secretion and indomethacin increased the acid secretion. The acid secretion was markedly decreased by PG $E_2$but PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ caused little change. Prostaglandin derivatives, especially HK-3 arid HK-4, significantly inhibited the acid secretion induced by indomethacin. The results show that, PG $E_2$ derivatives, HK-3 and HK-4, inhibit acid secretion and also have protective effects on gastric ulceration induced by ethanol or aspirin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.968-975
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• 2018

In the course of screening for microbes with nematicidal activity, we found that Enterobacter asburiae HK169 displayed promising nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, along with plant growth-promoting properties. Soil drenching of a culture of HK169 reduced gall formation by 66% while also increasing root and shoot weights by 251% and 160%, respectively, compared with an untreated control. The cell-free culture filtrate of the HK169 culture killed all juveniles of M. incognita within 48 h. In addition, the nematicidal activity of the culture filtrate was dramatically reduced by a protease inhibitor, suggesting that proteolytic enzymes contribute to the nematicidal activity of HK169. In order to obtain genomic information about the HK169 isolate related to its nematicidal and plant growth-promoting activities, we sequenced and analyzed the whole genome of the HK169 isolate, and the resulting information provided evidence that the HK169 isolate has nematicidal and plant growth-promoting activities. Taken together, these observations enable the future application of E. asburiae HK169 as a biocontrol agent for nematode control and promote our understanding of the beneficial interactions between E. asburiae HK169 and plants.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1555-1563
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• 2007

To idenifty effect of Bojungbangam-tang kakambang on Cisplatin-Induced G2/M Phase Arrest in Human Renal Proximal Tubular HK-2 Cells. Cytotoxicity of cisplatin was detected in HK-2 cells and the value of IC50 is about $25\;{\mu}M$. The treatment of cisplatin to HK-2 showed the G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. The ethanol extract of Bojungbangam-tang kakambang (EBTKB), a new herbal prescription composed of ten crude herbs, inhibited cisplatin-induced G2/M phase arrest in HK-2 cells. EBTKB increased G0/G1 peak in cisplatin-treated HK-2 cells. p53, p21 and p27 expression were increased in cisplatin-treated HK-2 cells. Inhibitory effect of EBTKB on cisplatin-induced G2/M phase arrest was accomplished through inhibition of p53, p21 and p27 expression. Also, reduced CDK2 and cyclin A expression by cisplatin were increased by EBTKB, but cyclin E was not changed. Reduction of ERK activation and increment of p38 activation by cisplatin were increased ERK activation and decreased p38 activation by EBTKB. Cisplatin had no effect on JNK activation, but EBTKB increased JNK activation. These results can suggest that EBTKB inhibits cisplatin-induced G2/M phase arrest in HK-2 cell through reduction of p53-dependent p21 and p27 protein, ERK activation and p38 inactivation.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.219-227
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• 2020

In this study, we tried to quantify the actual cross-sectional area inside the bore when scanning by the MRI system with various bore sizes. To this end, a comparative analysis was conducted by both of blueprint of each MRI equipment and actual measurement in the field. As a result of analysis, ACSA(Actual Cross-Sectional Area) in Ingenia CX, Elition X, uMR 780, Omega, Vida, Lumina, Architect, Premier is recorded as 171230, 232150, 242100, 309332, 230760, 230760, 229380 and 235990 ㎟, respectively ACSA% was 60.6, 60.3, 73.0, 70.0, 60.0, 60.0, 59.6, and 61,3%. In addition, DTB (Distance from Table top to Bore top) recorded 400, 407, 445, 495, 405, 405, 405, 403, and 412 mm. Through this study, it was confirmed that there is a difference between the bore size according to each MRI system and the actual cross-sectional area during MRI scanning. Accordingly, if we consider the internal actual area just not bore size at the clinical site, useful diagnostic images can be obtained in the end with better convenience.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.59-85
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• 2019

The Hong Kong's Anti-Ordinance Amendment Movement is the most serious radical social movement since the 1997 return, which has served as the promotion of the 2014 Occupy Central Movement and broken through the violence baseline. The movement came from a criminal case committed in Taiwan,which gave a good reason and motivation for the HK government to amend the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance. The HK government has responded to the protests by strictly limiting the legal scope and transfer procedure, even giving up the legislative motion. But the protests still say no and develop into the constantly violent activities. Many of the protests have committed the crimes in HK laws,part of whom have been arrested,prosecuted and under judicially judged. It is necessary for the offenders to be punished to protect the authority of rule of law in HK. Two different paths for HK have fought against each other since the 1997 return: one is the "democratic-welfare" path taken by the Pan-Democratic Camp, the other is the "Legal-development" path taken by the Pan-Establishment Camp. The second path shares some nuclear characteristics of the so-called The China Model mainly shaped from the 40-years Reforms and Openness. However, the HK people can't understand the China Model very well and show great fear and distrust on the judicial system of Mainland China. The foreign powers such as US and UK have illegally interfered the HK issues which are deemed to be the domestic affairs of China. The so-called Sino-UK Joint Declaration can't serve as the legal basis for the interference. Taiwan, as a part of China, also plays a negative role in this movement for its electoral and political interest. Up to now, the movement has gone down and the HK government has the legal capacity to solve the problems under the supports from the central government and the HK people. The HK people love its rule of law and order under the constitutional framework of One Country Two System. After the movement,One Country Two Systems will be go on, and the integrated development under the policies of the central government will be the main stream. However, the relevant problems exposed by this movement muse be checked and solved legally and strictly,especially concerning the social inequality and youth development.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2003

The cellular responses of RDX-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. HK-6 to explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) were examined. Strain HK-6 grown at different RDX concentrations was found to demonstrate the survival rate in proportional to the rate of the stress shock proteins produced in this bacterium. Analysis of total cellular fatty acid acids showed that lipids 10:0 iso and 14:1 $\omega$5c/$\omega$5t increased approx three times in strain HK-6 grown on RDX media than TSA media. SDS-PAGE and Western blot using anti-DnaK and GroEL revealed that several stress shock proteins including 70 kDa DnaK and 60 kDa CroEL were newly synthesized in strain HK-6 exposed to different RDX concentrations in exponentially growing cultures. 2-D PAGE of soluble protein fractions from the culture of HK-6 exposed to RDX demonstrated that approximately 300 spots were observed on the silver stained gel ranging from pH 3 to pH 10. As a result, 10 spots were significantly induced and expressed in response to RDX. Scanning electron microscopy fur the cells treated with 0.135 mM RDX for 12 hrs showed the presence of perforations and irregular rod shapes with wrinkled surfaces.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 1993

In order to obtain a good microorganism capable of degrading microcrystaline cellulose (avicel), the screening test was carried out from soil and brown-rot wood. 8 strains which had good avicel-hydrolyzing activity were isolated. Among them, HK 47 which exhibited the highest avicel hydrolyzing activity was identified as Trichoderma sp. HK 47. Maximum avicel-hydrolyzing enzyme production from Trichoderma sp. HK 47 was obtained with the optimum medium contained carboxymethylcellulose 1.5% as carbon source, NaN030.75% as nitrogen source, KH2P040.5%, MgSO4.7H2O 0.1%, Tween 800.005% (V/V) during stationary cultivation at pH 6.0, 3$0^{\circ}C$ In this case, the production of avicel-hydrolyzing enzyme was 0.028 U/ml.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.55-66
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• 2008

Objective&Methods: The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of HK-1000 Herbal-acupuncture solution at GB34(Yangleungchean) on hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis in rats. The author performed several experimental items to analyze the levels of various components and enzymes in serum, urine and liver, as well as the histological change of liver and aorta. Results: 1. HK-1000 herbal-acupuncture infusion increased the cell viability rate, DPPH radical scavenging activity and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition rate in rat liver cells. 2. The levels of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, phospholipid in serum and AI(atherogenic index) were decreased, and the ratio of HDL to TCL(HDL/TCL) and the level of TG in serum were increased as compared with those of the control group. 3. In the HK-1000 group, serum AST and ALT were significantly lower than those of the HG group and saline group. 4. Hepatic GSH and catalase activities were significantly increased as compared with those of the saline group. Conclusions: From the above results, it is suggested that HK-1000 herbal-acupuncture at GB34 has a therapeutic effect on hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.41-53
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• 2008

Objective&Methods The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of HK-1001 Pharmacopuncture at GB34(Yangleungchean) on hyperlipidemia in rats. The author performed several experimental items to analyze the levels of various components and enzymes in serum, urine and liver, as well as the histological changes of liver and aorta. Results 1. HK-1001 Pharmacopuncture infusion solution increased the cell viability rate, DPPH radical scavenging activity and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition rate in rat liver cells. 2. The levels of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, phospholipid in serum and AI(atherogenic index) were decreased, and the ratio of HDL to TCL(HDL/TCL) and the level of TG in serum were increased as compared with those of the control group. 3. In the HK-1001 group, serum GOT was significantly lower than those of the HG group and the saline group, and serum ALP was significantly higher than that of the HG group. 4. Hepatic GSH and catalase activities were significantly increased as compared with those of the saline group. Conclusion From the above results, it is suggested that HK-1001 Pharmacopuncture at GB34 has a therapeutic effect on hyperlipidemia.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2011

The principal objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the production of biosurfactant by the indigenous bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp. HK-3, originating from oil-spilled areas. The relationship between total biosurfactant production and the factors affecting biosurfactant production were evaluated by statistical analysis using SPSS software. The effects of various supplemental carbon sources (e.g., glucose, dextrose, mannitol, citrate, acetate) on the maximal production of biosurfactant by the test culture of Pseudoalteromonas sp. HK-3 was then evaluated. As a result, mannitol was found in this study to be the best supplemental carbon source for the production of biosurfactant. A spot inoculation of crude cultural liquid containing the HK-3 cells generated the largest clear zone, whereas only small clear zones appeared around the spots inoculated with either supernatant only or cell pellets following centrifugation. Our results demonstrated that the HK-3 test culture supplemented with 2% mannitol at an initial pH of 6 generated the maximal amount of biosurfactant within 72 h of incubation.