• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 1992

An innovative process for high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) production coupled with direct saccharification of raw corn starch in the agitated bead enzyme reactor (bioattitor) was investigated. The required high concentration/purity of glucose solution suitable for isomerization was produced directly in a bioattritor. without condensation of hydrolyzate, 398 g glucose/$\ell$ and 98% glucose content from 400 g/$\ell$ (w/v) of raw corn starch after 24 hours. The unsaccharified residual starch could be separated easily upon centrifugation, and resaccharified. The obtained solution also possessed other desirable requirements as substrate for isomerization, such as. low concentrations of denatured protein and calcium ions, thereby, simplified the purification step. The obtained glucose solution was isomerized in an enzyme reactor paked with immobilized glucose isomerase to evaluate the suitability as a substrate. The proposed new HFCS process seems to have many advantages over the conventional process via liquefaction-saccharification steps. The follow-up investigations of the proposed process need to be conducted to evaluate the feasibility of industrial application.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.26-31
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• 2002

Bromotrifluoromethane(halon-1301) and bromochlorodifluoromethane(halon-1211) have been widely used as a clean fire extinguishing agents due to their outstanding properties. However, production and use of halon are currently being phased out under an international agreements Montreal Protocol because of global environmental concerns and HFCs have been considered as promising alter-natives for the replacement of halon since their ozone depletion potentials are low. The vapor-liquid equilibrium data are required as important basic information in evaluating the solubility of clean fire extinguishing agents and determining their optimal compositions. In this work, we chose HFCs such as HFC-22 HFC-125, and HFC-l34a for gaseous fire extinguishing agents and nitrogen as a pressurization gas for a proper jet velocity of these agents. Phase equilibria for binary mixtures of nitrogen/HFC-22, nitrogen/HFC-125, and nitrogen/HFC-l34a were measured in the temperature range from 283.15K to 303.15K. For equilibrium measurement, we used a circulation type apparatus in which both vapor and liquid phases were continuously recirculated. The experimental data were relatively well correlated with the Peng-Robinson equation of state with Wong-Sandier mixing rules.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.575-582
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• 2016

BACKGROUNG/OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of high maysin corn silk extract on body weight and fat deposition in experimental animals. MATERIALS/METHODS: A total of 30 male C57BL/6J mice, 4-weeks-old, were purchased and divided into three groups by weight using a randomized block design. The normal-fat (NF) group received 7% fat (diet weight basis), the high-fat (HF) group received 25% fat and 0.5% cholesterol, and the high-fat corn silk (HFCS) group received high-fat diet and high maysin corn silk extract at 100 mg/kg body weight through daily oral administration. Body weight and body fat were measured, and mRNA expression levels of proteins involved in adipocyte differentiation, fat accumulation, fat synthesis, lipolysis, and fat oxidation in adipose tissue and the liver were measured. RESULTS: After experimental diet intake for 8 weeks, body weight was significantly lower in the HFCS group compared to the HF group (P < 0.05), and kidney fat and epididymal fat pad weights were significantly lower in the HFCS group compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). In the HFCS group, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-${\beta}$, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}1$ (PPAR-${\gamma}1$), and PPAR-${\gamma}2$ mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the epididymal fat pad, whereas cluster of differentiation 36, lipoprotein lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme-4, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in liver and adipose tissues (P < 0.05). In the HFCS group, mRNA expression levels of AMP-activated protein kinase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 were elevated (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that high maysin corn silk extract inhibits expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, fat accumulation, and fat synthesis as well as promotes expression of genes involved in lipolysis and fat oxidation, further inhibiting body fat accumulation and body weight elevation in experimental animals.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.716-719
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• 2009

HFC-134a 의 농도별(99.9%, 80%, 50%, $N_2$ balance)로 하이드레이트의 결정생성/해리 특성을 연구하였다. HFC-134a 하이드레이트는 기/액 경계면에서만 수지상 형태의 하이드레이트 결정이 생성되었으며 수용액 내의 하이드레이트 결정관찰을 위해 물리적인 방법을 이용하였다. HFC-134a 농도가 낮을수록 하이드레이트 결정생성 속도가 둔화되었으며 특히 $N_2$의 함량이 50% 이상일 경우 $N_2$가 확연히 inhibitor 역할을 하였다. 하이드레이트 해리 시에는 기/액 경계면과 수용액 내부에서 매우 다른 양상이 관찰되었으며 하이드레이트 결정이 분해되면서 동공 속에 포집되었던 가스가 방출되는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2017

The global consumption of fructose in the form of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has increased considerably over the past several decades. The current intake of HFCS exceeds that of other major caloric sweeteners such as sucrose. Fructose has potentially adverse effects on human metabolism. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the monosaccharide contents of 13 sweetened milk-based beverages by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total monosaccharide (fructose and glucose) contents of various sweetened milk-based beverages ranged from 0.60 g/100 mL (cheese) to 26.03 g/100 mL (maple caramel snack), while milk showed only 0 g/100 mL monosaccharides. The fructose-to-glucose ratio of various popular sweetened milk-based beverages ranged from not-detected (ND) to 2.24 g/100 mL, but the content of glucose was higher than that of fructose in only three samples, namely, strawberry flavored milk, shrimp chips, and maple caramel snack. The analyzed results revealed important basic information about monosaccharides in various milk-based sweetened beverages, presenting ideas for future fructose research.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.39-49
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• 2014

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.565-572
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• 2009

Greenhouse gas(GHG) inventories and basic strategies for Jeonbuk regional government were established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The method to construct GHG inventories of Jeonbuk followed the 'Revised IPCC 1996 Guidelines'which was used for the 'Third National Communication of the Republic of Korea under UNFCCC'. Korean government could use primary energy consumption for the energy industries section in the national GHG inventories. However, regional governments should use secondary energy consumption (included electricity consumption) for the energy industries section for their GHG inventories because they could not control the emission of energy transformation section. In the result of Jeonbuk GHG inventories in 2006, carbon dioxide($CO_2$) emissions from fuel combustion covered 87.1% of total emissions. Methane($CH_4$), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) from other sections, nitrous oxide($N_2O$) and F-gas(HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$) accounted for 8.1, 2.2, 1.6 and 1.0% of total emissions, respectively. The sectional emission decreased in the order of the energy(88.0%), agriculture(7.6%), waste(2.3%) and industrial processes(2.1%) section. The energy industries section that contained electricity consumption was the most dominant emission source in the energy section. F-gas consumption, rice cultivation and waste incineration were main emission sources in the industrial processes, agriculture and waste section, respectively. In this study, basic directions of each section were established by the results of Jeonbuk GHG inventories in 2006.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1995.06b
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• pp.28-37
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• 1995

To protect the ozone layer depeletion the CFC (chlorofluorocarbon). HCFC(hydrochlorofluorocarbon) refrigerants will be replaced with HFCs (hydro-fluorocarbon) as an alternative refrigerant. In recent years a good deal of effort has been made to develop new compressors which are compatible to the new referigent. This paper focused on developing accelerated screening test for predicting tribological characteristics of the rotary compressor in atmosphere of R407C as an alternative refrigerant with polyolester lubricant. Falex wear test machine with high pressure chamber has been used to simulate friction and wear behavior of the common contact geometries found in rotary compressors.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.501-506
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• 2016

BACKGROUNG/OBJECTIVES: Corn silk (CS) extract contains large amounts of maysin, which is a major flavonoid in CS. However, studies regarding the effect of CS extract on cholesterol metabolism is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of CS extract on cholesterol metabolism in C57BL/6J mouse fed high-fat diets. MATERIALS/METHODS: Normal-fat group fed 7% fat diet, high-fat (HF) group fed 25% fat diet, and high-fat with corn silk (HFCS) group were orally administered CS extract (100 mg/kg body weight) daily. Serum and hepatic levels of total lipids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol as well as serum free fatty acid, glucose, and insulin levels were determined. The mRNA expression levels of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), low-density lipoprotein receptor, 3-hyroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), adiponectin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ were determined. RESULTS: Oral administration of CS extract with HF improved serum glucose and insulin levels as well as attenuated HF-induced fatty liver. CS extracts significantly elevated mRNA expression levels of adipocytokines and reduced mRNA expression levels of HMG-CoA reductase, ACAT, and FXR. The mRNA expression levels of CYP7A1 and LCAT between the HF group and HFCS group were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: CS extract supplementation with a high-fat diet improves levels of adipocytokine secretion and glucose homeostasis. CS extract is also effective in decreasing the regulatory pool of hepatic cholesterol, in line with decreased blood and hepatic levels of cholesterol though modulation of mRNA expression levels of HMG-CoA reductase, ACAT, and FXR.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.399-405
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• 1986

Corn starch was saccharified without cooking in an agitated bead reaction system. Uncooked corn starch was effectively hydrolyzed even at the concentration as high as 39%(w/v). After 24 hours. the extent of saccharification reached at 92%, which corresponds glucose concentration of 425g/L. Fed-batch feeding of starch was more effective than batch feeding for saccharification of uncooked corn starch. The composition of hydrolysated of uncooked starch was analyzed. which was composed of 95% glucose, 0.7% of maltose, and 4.5% of high saccharide, similar with that of cooked starch. The hydrolysate can be successfully utilized for HFCS manufacture. The starch liquefying and saccharifying enzyme was relatively stable even be the physical impact of the attrition-milling media. The enzyme stabilizer, $Ca^{++}$, played an essential role in preventing the enzyme deactivation caused by the physical impact.