• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2008

The present study was to investigate the developmental change of adolescent's theory of mind. In addition, the relations between theory of mind and the social competence were investigated. Sixty students in each the 6th and 8th grade group were participated in this study. Adolescents' understanding of mind were measured by four kinds of mindreading tasks; the second-order false belief tasks, understanding the ambiguous social behaviors tasks, understading the hidden meaning of a figurative statement tasks, and the "faux pas" tasks. Social skills were measured by social skill scales. Eighth graders performed better than the 6th graders on the understanding the ambiguous social behaviors tasks and faux pas tasks but not on the second-order false belief tasks and understanding the hidden meaning of figurative statement tasks. The results suggests that the mindreading ability continues to develop during the adolescence, especially the ability to interpret others' ambiguous social behaviors by reading their mental states and the ability to understand that a person says a faux pas it is due to a mistaken belief. In addition, the understanding the ambiguous social behaviors tasks was found to be the best task to predict social behaviors. The results suggests that the mindreading ability would be a significant explanatory factor on social competence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-18
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• 2000

This study was conducted to analyze the degree of department satisfaction and correlation accordng to nurses's clinical characteristics. Data fors tudy were selected August, 1999. The sample coisted of 512 nurses working in K university hosptal in Seoul. The collected materials have been alyzed by percentage, average, t-test, ANOVA, arson Correlation Coefficiency using SPSS window 8.0 program. The result were as the follows ; 1. Fifty-one percent answered to be satisfactory in current department of work, and nurses who had been experienced the transfer are fifty percent, and nurse specialist is eight point two percent. 2. The order of the degree of department duty satisfaction was mutual action, professinal position, autonomy, assignment desire, relation between the doctor and nurses, wage, administration. 3. The result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according to the age has shown significant differences in administration and assignment desire, and the result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according to the education and religion has shown significant differences in administration, and the result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according to marital status has shown significant differences in wage and administration. 4. The result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according La the position has shown significant differences in administration, assignment desire and the sum of duty satisfaction, and the result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according to the nurse specialist has shown no significant differences in total areas, and the result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according to the transfer has shown significant differences in relation between the doctor and nurses, administration, autonomy and the sum of duty satisfaction. 5. The result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according to the nursing career and present assignment career has shown no significant differences in total areas, and the result of degree of department duty satisfaction according to the present assignment has shown significant differences in relation between doctor and nurses, administration, assignment desire and the sum of duty satisfaction. 6. The result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according to the request and experiences of trasfer has shown significant differences in wage, administration, assignment desire and the sum of duty satisfaction 7. The result of the degree of department duty satisfaction according to the degree of satisfaction of present assignment has shown no significant difference in professional position 8. The result of relation of nurses'a clinical characteristics and the degree of department duty satisfaction and the sum of duty satisfaction has shown no significant differences in age, present assignment career, but the result of nursing career has shown significant differences in relation between doctor and nurse, administration, autonomy, assignment desire and the sum of duty satisfaction. and the satisfaction of present assignment which was very effective on duty satisfaction was as significant correlation with wage, professinal position, relation between doctor and nurses, administration, autonomy assignment desire, mutual action and the sum of duty satisfaction. The above result show us that the degree of wage is effected on marital status, experience of transfer, degree of satisfaction of present assignment, request of transfef and the relation between doctor and nurses is effected on experience of transfer, present assignment, degree of satisfaction of present assignment and the administration is effected on age, education, marital status position, experiences of transfer, request of transfer, degree of satisfaction of present assignment and the autonomy is effected on experience of transfer, degree of satisfaction of present assignment and the assignment desire is effected on position, pre sent assignment, degree of satisfaction of present assignment, request of transfer and the mutual action is effected on present assignment. and the sum of duty satisfaction is effected on marital status, position, experience of transfer, request of transfer, present assignment, degree of satisfaction of present assignment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.875-883
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• 2002

Purpose : Airways eosinophilia and increased IgE, characteristic features of asthma, result from a predominant Th2 response. In this study, we investigated the effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the inhibition of airways eosinophilia in mice with established airway inflammation. We also investigated the immunological mechanisms involved. Methods : Groups of BALB/c mice were sensitized intradermally with ovalbumin(OVA). At week 10, airway inflammation was induced by intranasal challenge of the mice with OVA. At week 14, the mice were challenged intranasally again with OVA in the presence and without the presence of CpG ODNs. Mice with saline administration served as negative controls. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids(BALF) were obtained and eosinophils were counted. Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the spleen cell cultures were measured by ELISA. Serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG2a antibodies were also measured by ELISA. Results : BALF eosinophils were significantly inhibited in the CpG ODNs-treated mice(P<0.01). IgE and IgG2a levels increased significantly in both CpG ODNs-treated and untreated groups as compared to the negative control group; there was, however, no significant difference between the two groups four days after intranasal administration of CpG ODNs. Cytokine analysis revealed decreased production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and increased production of IL-12 in the CpG ODNs-treated group as compared to the untreated group. Interestingly, $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels were not upregulated in the CpG ODNs-treated group. Conclusion : CpG ODNs vaccination is a potentially useful approach for reversing airways eosinophilia in mice with established airways inflammation.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.241-260
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• 1995

The Maori's traditional clothing materials, basic forms of dress, and the pattern and technique of tatoo were examined in the present study in order to deepen the appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Maori. The research method employed was the analysis of written materials. And a fild-trip was also made for the study. The study was limitted to the traditional culture of body adornment of the Maori including the clothing which is preserved and practicing by them at the present day, and the origin and the process of the historical development of those are not included in the scope of the present study. Followings are the results of the study: (1) By far the most widely used fiber for Maori clothing is abtained from what is commonly called New Zealand Flax. The fiber of kiekie(Freycinetia baueriana) and cabbage trees(Cordyline spp.) may also be used. The strong, long-lasting fiber of toi(cordyline indivisa) is used for a prestige warrior's cloak. Flat strips of ti kauka(Cordyline australi) are also used as thatch on rain cloaks. (2) Regardless of technique used, Maori weaving is always worked horizontally from left to right. Traditionally the work was suspended between two upright turuturu or weaving sticks. As the work progressed a second pair of uprights was used to keep the work off the ground. These uprights were moved forward as required. Because the weaver sat on the ground, the working edge was kept at a height that was comfortable to reach. No weaving tools are used, the wefts(aho) being manipulated by the fingers. The two main Maori weaving techniques are whatu aho patahi(single-pair twining) and whatu aho rua(double-pair twining). (3) The Maori wore two basic garments - a waist met and a cloak. The cloth of commoners were of plain manufacture, while those of people of rank were superior, sometimes being decorated with feather or dyed tags and decorated borders. Children ran more-or-less naked until puberty, being dressed only for special events. Some working dress consisted of nothing more than belts with leaves thrust under them. Chiefs and commoners usually went barefoot, using rough sandals on journeys over rough country (4) The adornment of men and women of rank was an important matter of tribal concern as it was in chiefly persons that prestige of the group was centred, The durable items of Maori persons adornment were either worn or carried. Ornaments of various kinds were draped about the neck or suspended from pierced earlobes. Combs decorated the head. Personal decorations not only enhanced the appearance of men and women, but many had protective magical function. The most evident personal ornament was the hei-tiki made of jade or other material. Maori weapons were treasured by their owners. They served on bottle and were also personal regalia. A man of rank was not fully dressed without a weapon in hand. Also weapons were essential to effective oratory. (5) No man or woman of rank went without some tattoo adornment except in extremely rare instances when a person was too sacred to have any blood shed. The untattooed were marked as beeing commoners of no social standing. This indelible mark of rank was begun, with appropriate rite and ritual, at puberty. And tattoo marked the person as being of a marriageable age. Maori tattoo was unlike most traditional tattoo in that its main line were 'engraved' on the face with deep cuts made by miniature bone chisels. The fill-in areas were not tattooed with cuts but with the multiple pricks of small bone 'combs' that only lightly penetrated the skin surface. The instrument of tattoo consisted of small pots of pumice or wood into which was placed a wetted black pigment made from burnt kauri gum, burnt vegetable caterpillars or other sooty materials. A bird bone chisel or comb set at right angles on a short wooden handle was dipped into the gigment, that a rod or stick was used to tap head of this miniature adze, causing penetration of the skin surface. Black pigment lodged under the skin took on a bluish tinge. A full made facial tattoo consisted of major spirals with smaller spirals on each side of the nose and sweeping curved lines radiating out from between the brows over the forehead and from the nose to the chin. The major patterns were cut deep, while the secondary koru patterns were lightly pricked into the skin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.593-601
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish an effective marketing strategy based on Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) of rice-convenience foods. IPA is one of the most efficient and simple methods to evaluate product quality. Data were collected from 652 people (320 males and 332 females) and analyzed by SPSS 19.0. Subjects consumed rice-convenience foods as a snack substitute (19.3%), breakfast (20.7%), lunch (37.4%), dinner (15.2%), and late-night meal (7.4%). The purpose for consumption of rice-convenience foods were as follows: light meal (34.8%), lack of time to prepare meal (42.2%), favorite restaurant is not nearby (2.3%), save money (3.4%), and outdoor activities (9.7%). All attributes about rice-convenience foods were categorized into intrinsic property and extrinsic property. As a result of factor analysis, health, sensibility, and diversity factors were extracted from intrinsic property. In addition, dependence and appearance factors were drawn from extrinsic property. In analyzing the differences between importance and performance, there were significant differences; 16 items in the intrinsic property (P<0.01), and 10 items in the extrinsic property (P<0.001). The IPA matrix is composed of four quadrants, and each represents different strategies; the first, 'keep up the good work', the second, 'possible overkill', the third, 'low priority for management', and the fourth, 'concentrate management'. As a result, factors of rice-convenience foods positioned in the fourth quadrant were 'safety (from food additives, etc.)' and 'price' in the intrinsic property and 'nutrition label' and 'safety of packaging material' in the extrinsic property. They need to be improved immediately. In this study, rice-convenience food factors for continuous maintenance and concentrative improvement were compared by IPA. Based upon the results of this study, it is necessary to develop methods to make efficient use of limited resources and practical marketing strategies.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.15-46
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• 2004

Um die rationalen Zahlen auf die reellen Zahlen zu erweitern und dadurch die Stetigkeit der reellen Zahlen sicherzustellen, hat der deutsche Mathematiker R. Dedekind im Jahr 1872 in seinem Aufsatz "Stetigkeit und Irrationale Zahlen" einen neuen mathmatischen Begriff $eingef\ddot{u}hrt,\;n\ddot{a}mlich$ 'Schnitt'. Die Menge aller rationalen Zahlen Q wird durch eine rationale Zahl a zu zwei Untermengen $A_1=\{x|x{\leq}a,\;x{\in}Q\}$, $A_2=\{x|x>a,\;x{\in}Q\}$ $vollst\ddot{a}ndig$ geteilt. Wenn wir solche Teilung, d.i. solchen Schnitt mit "$(A_1,\;A_2)$" bezeichnen, ist ein $Identit\ddot{a}tssatz$ "a=$(A_1,\;A_2)$" absolut harmlos. Analog dazu glaubt Dedekind fest, $da{\beta}$ jede irrationale Zahl mit Hilfe von einem entsprechenden Schnitt $einzuf\ddot{u}hren$ ist. Zum Beispiel, falls die zwei Mengen $B_1=\{x|x^2<2,\;x{\in}Q\}$ und $B_2=\{x|x^2>2,\;x{\in}Q\}$ gegeben sind, dann $w\ddot{a}re$ die irrationale Zahl $^{\surd}2$ mit $(B_1,\;B_2)$ gleichzusetzen. Im Fall von einem Schnitt der Menge der rationalen Zahlen durch eine rationale Zahl, $(A_1,\;A_2)$, haben die beiden Untermengen $A_1$ und $A_2$ jwewils ein Supremum und ein Infimum und beide $m\ddot{u}ssen$ identisch sein, aber -wie schon Russell in seinem Buch "Introduction to Mathmatical Philosophy" dies kritisiert- hat ein Schnitt $f\ddot{u}r$ die $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der irrationalen Zahl, $(B_1,\;B_2)$ keine solche $gl\ddot{u}cklichen$ Eigenschaften. Dennoch glaubt Dedekind an eine streng wissenschaftliche Fundierung der irrationalen Zahl fest, und $w\ddot{u}rde$ nach dem Grund seines Glaubens befragt, $k\ddot{o}nnte$ er nur seine Behauptung wiederholen, ein klarer Fall circulus vitiosus. Mit anderen Worten, die $L\ddot{u}cke$ zwischen $B_1$ und $B_2$ durch die $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ einer [einzigen] wissenschaftlich fundierten irrationalen Zahl $\ddot{u}berbr\ddot{u}ckt$ und das Ganze zu einem Kontinium gemacht werden sollte, bleibt dieses Vorhaben von Dedekind erst als eine Hoffnung und dessen Resultat kann $h\ddot{o}chstens$ nur als ein Postulat, aber keineswegs als ein methodisch einwandfreier Beweis betrachtet werden. Die Probleme, die mit dem Versuch der $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der irrationalen Zahlen mit Hilfe von Schnitt verbunden sind, sind nicht spezifisch allein im Gebient der Mathmatik, sondern betreffen immer wieder die Rechtfertigungsfrage der $Einf\ddot{u}hrung$ der letzten Bestandteile im bezug auf eine Systemerstellung, egal ob dies System ein Wissenschaftliches oder unsere $allt\ddot{a}gliche$ Sprachhandlung ist. $F\ddot{u}r$ all diese Rechtfertigungsfragen gilt das in der klassischen Logik $g\ddot{a}ngige$ logische Prinzip tertium non datur nicht mehr, aber nicht nur wegen der von praktischen $Unm\ddot{o}glichkeit$, die unendlichen vielen $Gegenst\ddot{a}nde$ durchforschen zu $m\ddot{u}ssen$, das $hei{\beta}t$, wegen der erkenntnistheoretischen $Beschr\ddot{a}nktheit$ des jetzigen Erkenntnisniveau, sondern auch wegen des speziellen ontologischen modus der $eizuf\ddot{u}hrenden$ Objekten. Der Autor des Aufsatzes analysiert $\ddot{a}nliche$ $F\ddot{a}lle$ (das Urmeterbeispiel und die Chrakterisierungen der geometrischen Axiome von Wittgenstein), und versucht mit Hilfe von beiden Begriffen, 'interne' und 'externe' Relation, zu zeigen, $da\beta$ eine gemeinsame, invariante Struktur in den eben genannten $F\ddot{a}llen$ besteht. Am Ende des Aufsatzes setzt der Autor sich mit der logischen Argumentationsstruktur des Zitates tiber 'Grenze' aus Noten von Leonardo da Vinci auseinander, und weist auf einen $m\ddot{o}glichen$ Zusammenhang der Grundidee seienes Aufsatzes mit der Philosophie der indischen Denker $N\bar{a}g\bar{a}rjuna$ hin, obwohl die zitierten Versen aus dem Hauptwerk von $N\bar{a}g\bar{a}rjuna$, dem Mittleren Weg$(Madhyamakak\bar{a}rik\bar{a})$ nur andeutend sein $m\ddot{o}gen$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1973

This study was projected to get basic data which can provide a basis for future direction in nutritional education, and also to find the way how to improve the nutritional supply by evaluating the current nutritional intake of average high school students through the survey study of their daily packed lunch. Five hundred twenty seven students from two boys high school and two girls high school including one general and one vocational school respectively were chosen as random sampling technique. Four hundred forty nine among the 527 students had brought lunch. The contents of lunch box were weighed and converted into nutritional values according to the food composition table and compared with recommended dietary allowances. The results compared and classified by sex, School and housewives' educational level were as follows: 1. The nutritional supply in the lunch box was 671 Cal of energy and 22.3 gm of protein for male students which were respectively 55.9% and 74.2% of the dietary recommendations. On the other side female student's lunch boxes were found to contain 495 Cal of energy and 21.3gm of protein which are respectively 61.8% and 80% of the dietary prescriptions. Excluding niacin, all vitamins and minerals were found to be short. 2. Calorie intake in the vocational high school was found to be higher than in the general high school but lower in protein intake especially significant difference (P<0.01) in animal protein. 3. From the nutritional point of view the educational backgrouud of the housewives was not found to have any influence in the way of preparing the lunch boxes. 4. Nutrients of lunch box were heavily inclined to grain rather than to side dishes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2011

Korea is rapidly becoming an aging society. This study aims to examine the existing conditions of outdoor living environments to assist a healthy lifestyle for senior citizens and to determine the most influential factor in a senior-friendly outdoor space as well as to suggest improvements in existing conditions focused on the prospective senior population. This study relied on two methods: a descriptive method of researching publications and related scholastic writings and an empirical study that included a survey of present conditions and interviews with the prospective seniors and senior citizens in Daejeon. Conditions of outdoor living environments for seniors were found to be more than adequate in general. But some factors evaluated as low must be carefully tailored for seniors. First, the study showed that seniors evaluated as highest the 'use of a walkway' for a stroll and stayed outside for 1~2 hours at a time. Many vehicles parked in walkways were the most inconvenient factors in going for a walk. Second, the study showed that the evaluation of outdoor space was about average and 'sociality' was evaluated as the lowest. Third, the study showed that men evaluated lower than women 4 items: 'use and convenience of a wheelchair', 'night lighting', 'discrimination of signage at nighttime' and 'trees'. Respondents above the age of 66 are more uncomfortable with items such as 'slippery walking surface', 'stair handrail', 'discrimination of signage at nighttime' and 'direction of apartment complex' while respondents above the age of 80 are more uncomfortable with items of 'slippery walking surface', 'stair handrail' and 'discrimination of signage at nighttime'. Fourth, the evaluation by existing housing patterns was statistically significant in 20 of 22 evaluated items. This means that residents in apartment complex evaluated as high these items in general. In this study, existing outdoor living environments for the elderly did not display any immediately serious issues in the overall evaluation items. Assuming, however, that the aging population will quickly increase in the next ten years, items which are evaluated as low in descriptive statistics and items which give inconvenience to the elderly above the age of 80 in particular will need to be the first areas to be improved.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.657-663
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• 2012

The Ca deficiency is a serious problem in the propagation of domestically bred 'Seolhyang' strawberry through soil cultivation. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of the Ca containing fertilizers on the decrease of Ca deficiency symptoms and in the growth of mother and daughter plants. To achieve this, chemicals of 1.125 mM $Ca(OH)_2$, 0.375 mM $MgCl_2$, and 1.25 mM KCl were blended to contain the K:Ca:Mg (4:2:1) and the influence was compared to a commercial fertilizer, Azuro-Calma ($NO_3$-N 13%, $K_2O$ 1%, CaO 16%, MgO 6%), when those were applied as solutions with the electrical conductivity (EC) controlled to 0.6 or 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$. During 120 days after transplant, the Azuro-Calma was more effective than the combined fertilizer in the reduction of mother and daughter plants on which Ca deficiency was appeared. The application of two Ca containing fertilizers resulted in the heavier fresh and dry weights of mother plants. The treatments of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of two fertilizers were more effective than those of 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$. The combined fertilizer was also more effective than Azuro-calma on the growth of above ground plant tissue. The results in length, fresh and dry weight of runners occurred from a mother plants showed that the treatment of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of combined fertilizer was most effective followed by those of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of Azuro-Calma, 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of combined fertilizer, 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of Azuro-Calma, and control. The fresh weights of daughter plants were heavier in the treatments of Ca application than those in the control treatment, but the differences between 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ and control were not significant. The above results indicate that Azuro-Calma is more effective in decreasing plants showing the Ca deficiency symptoms. However, the combined fertilizer of K:Ca:Mg is more desirable when we are concerned about the decrease of crops showing Ca deficiency as well as increase of the growth in above ground plant tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.12 s.159
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• pp.1690-1696
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data useful in designing apparel patterns for aged abdominal obese women. The body measurements of 318 women were taken at random, whose ages were over 60 and fields of action were colleges, sports centers, or business sites in Seoul and the neighboring districts. A total of 33 features in the upper body and lower body were used fer the anthropometric measurement and analysis using anthropometry. The collected measurement data were processed statistically using the SPSS 12.0 program for technical statistical analysis, t-test, frequency analysis, correlation analysis. The results of the study are as follows. 1. Subjects were classified into two groups as a result of analysis for measurement data. It was revealed that 251(about 79 percent) women of total subjects(n=318) have a characteristic of abdominal obese body type and elderly women of these group usually had big abdomen rather than hip. The criteria of abdominal obesity based on waist-hip ratio, WHR(=0.85). 2. Aged abdominal obese women have shown much larger size in most body measurements except items of some vertical length, such as bust ponit-bust point, font interscye, back interscye with circumference and depth of armscye, bust, waist, abdomen and hip while showing no difference in height, biacrominal breadth, hip width, neck shoulder point to breast point, crotch length. 3. Vervaeck index(=100.1) and Rohrer index(=1.7) indicated that the abdominal obese women were fat in overall body. And aspect ratio of waist(=0.86), abdomen(=0.92) and hip(=0.75) also appeared high that the shape of cross sections in those regions was similar to a figure of circle 4. In view of the correlation coefficient between hip circumference and the rest measurement items, and between hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion and the rest measurement items, there were found some differences for each group. In case of Group (abdominal obese group), the former is smaller than the other. 5. In case of Abdominal obese women, hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion is more mutually related to the rest items related to make apparel pattern as waist circumference, depth of armscye and so on than what hip circumference is. This result indicated which must be considered hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion to make apparel patterns for abdominal obese women unlike women of common body types.