• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 2001

The antimicrobial substance produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa KLP-2 strain was purified and identified. The substance was identified as a pyocyanine by the fast atom bombardment mass(FAB-MS). In physic-chemical properties, the pyocyanine was dark blue needles, and was soluble in various organic solvents such as chlorogorm, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetae. The pyocyanine possessed a ultraviolet absorbance spectrum in methanol, 0.1 M HCl, and chlorogorm. The maximum absorption peak of the pyocyanine showed at 318 mm in methanol. The molecular formula of the pyocyanine was determined to the $C_{13}$ H$_{10}$ N$_{2}$O and protonate molecular ion species (M+H)$^{+}$ was observed at m/z 211 by FAB-MS. The pyocyanine showed antimicrobial against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Rodococcus equi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. col, Legionella pneumophila, Shigella flexneri Shigella boydii, shgella sonnei, NAG Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibro vulnificus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, Salmonella spp. Shigela dysenteriae, 3 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiela pneumoniae, and Aspergillus niger were resistant to the pyocyanine. The pyocyanine showed the highest antimicrobial activity aganist Legionella pneumophila based on the size of inhibition zone by the disk contained 0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ of the pyocyanine.e.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2016

Background: Although Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used for a long time, its anti-inflammatory role and underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms have been poorly understood. In this study, the anti-inflammatory roles of KRG-derived components, namely, water extract (KRG-WE), saponin fraction (KRG-SF), and nonsaponin fraction (KRG-NSF), were investigated. Methods: To check saponin levels in the test fractions, KRG-WE, KRG-NSF, and KRG-SF were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The anti-inflammatory roles and underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of these components were investigated using a macrophage-like cell line (RAW264.7 cells) and an acute gastritis model in mice. Results: Of the tested fractions, KGR-SF (but not KRG-NSF and KRG-WE) markedly inhibited the viability of RAW264.7 cells, and splenocytes at more than 500 mg/mL significantly suppressed NO production at $100{\mu}g/mL$, diminished mRNA expression of inflammatory genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and interferon-${\beta}$ at $200{\mu}g/mL$, and completely blocked phagocytic uptake by RAW264.7 cells. All three fractions suppressed luciferase activity triggered by interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but not that triggered by activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B. Phospho-IRF3 and phospho-TBK1 were simultaneously decreased in KRG-SF. Interestingly, all these fractions, when orally administered, clearly ameliorated the symptoms of gastric ulcer in HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis mice. Conclusion: These results suggest that KRG-WE, KRG-NSF, and KRG-SF might have anti-inflammatory properties, mostly because of the suppression of the IRF3 pathway.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.688-696
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• 2017

In this study, the physicochemical properties and anti-wrinkle effect of polysaccharides with different molecular weights from Gloiopeltis furcata were investigated. Crude polysaccharides were isolated by viscozyme treatment followed by ethanol precipitation and lyophilization. Crude polysaccharides were hydrolyzed by acid (0.1 N HCl) and the molecular weight fractions were generated by centrifugal filter (<10 kDa, 10 to 100 kDa, and 100 kDa>). The yield of polysaccharides with different molecular weight fractions was 8.4-39.6%. The major constituents in molecular weight fractions were total sugar (81.37-85.82%), uronic acid (27.89-32.85 g/100 g), sulfate (33.38-39.04%), and protein (0.35-3.16%) The L, a, and b value of the 100 kDa group were decreased, but viscosity increased. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of the 100 kDa group at $180.07{\mu}M$ was the highest among groups. The protective effects of 100 kDa group at 0.5 and $5{\mu}g/mL$ against $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity in L132 cell were 87.34% and 103.85%, respectively. The matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity of 100 kDa group decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The pro-collagen synthesis activity of 100 kDa group at $0.05-0.5{\mu}g/mL$ was 64.91-77.80%. The polysaccharides with different molecular weights from Gloiopeltis furcata investigated herein are useful as a potential candidate for cosmedical materials.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.189-192
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• 2016

$^{68}Ga$ has emerged as a promising candidate for non-invasive diagnostic imaging within Positron Emission Tomography (PET) because of its advantageous radiochemical characteristics ($t_{1/2}=68min$, ${\beta}^+$ yield ~89%). $^{68}Ga$ forms a stable chelation with various ligands and it is possible to be quickly and easily study using a $^{68}Ge/^{68}Ga$ generator. Commercial $^{68}Ge/^{68}Ga$ generators are chromatographic system using the inorganic materials such as alumina and tin dioxide which are employed as column matrixes for $^{68}Ge$. In this study, we tried out to make $^{68}Ge/^{68}Ga$ generator system with the $^{68}GeO_2$ microstructures for column matrix. $^{68}Ge$ tends to have stable bond with oxide as $^{68}GeO_2$ microstructures. The $^{68}GeO_2$ has been synthesized by hydrolysis of $GeCl_4$ (sol-gel method) and characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope for geometrical analysis. The stability of $GeO_2$ was tested using eluents with diverse solvents(water, ethanol and 0.1 N HCl). The radioactivity of $^{68}Ga^{3+}$ in eluate through $GeO_2$ was measured to prove a function as column material for a generator.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2015

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a representative traditional herbal medicine with many different pharmacological properties including anticancer, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetes, and anti-inflammatory activities. Only a few studies have explored the molecular mechanism of KRG-mediated anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: We investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the protopanaxadiol saponin fraction (PPD-SF) of KRG using in vitro and in vivo inflammatory models. Results: PPD-SF dose-dependently diminished the release of inflammatory mediators [nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and prostaglandin $E_2$], and downregulated the mRNA expression of their corresponding genes (inducible NO synthase, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, and cyclooxygenase-2), without altering cell viability. The PPD-SF-mediated suppression of these events appeared to be regulated by a blockade of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and TANK (TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which are linked to the activation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3). Moreover, this fraction also ameliorated HCl/ethanol/-induced gastritis via suppression of phospho-JNK2 levels. Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of PPD-SF could be mediated by a reduction in the activation of p38-, JNK2-, and TANK-binding-kinase-1-linked pathways and their corresponding transcription factors (ATF2 and IRF3).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.326-338
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• 2021

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was used to assess the hordein protein fraction of malting barley. C-hordeins (barley prolamins) were extracted with 70% ethanol (EtOH) and 55% isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 2-propanol), and B-hordeins were extracted with the same alcohols in 1.0% dithiothreitol (DTT). High molecular weight (HMW) prolamins (D-hordeins) were extracted with 50% IPA with 1M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). The same protein patterns were observed in both the experimental extraction solutions (EtOH and IPA). However, the patterns of hordein, extracted with EtOH and IPA containing 1.0% DTT, differed slightly. C- and B-hordeins extracted from those solutions were analyzed. Twenty-six malting barley varieties developed in Korea were analyzed using UPLC. The varieties were divided into seven groups according to hordein patterns of retention time 16 min to 18 min, and 20 varieties showed unique patterns.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.290-295
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• 1998

To optimize the formulation of acetaminophen liquid suppository, the effect of additives on the physicochemical properties of liquid suppository base was investigated. The physi cochemical properties of P 407/P 188 (15/15%) (abbreviated in 15/15) and P 407/P l88 (15/20%) (abbreviated in 15/20) were measured after the addition of following additives; 2.5% acetaminophen as an active ingredient, vehicle components (5% ethanol, 5% propylene glycol, 5% glycerin), preservatives (0.1% sodium benzoate, 0,1% methylparahydroxybenzoate, 0.1% propylparahydroxybenzoate) and 1% of sodium chloride as an ionic strength controlling agent. Poloxamer gel was prepared with three different buffer solutions (pH 1.2, 4.0 and 6.8) and the physicochemical properties, gelation temperature, gel strength and bioadhesive force, were determined. In the results, the effect of additives on the physicochemical properties was dependent on their bonding capacities including hydrogen bonding and cross-linking bonding. Because the hydrogen-bonding capacities of acetaminophen, ethanol and propylene glycol were smaller than that of poloxamer, the binding force of poloxamer gel became weak by their putting in between poloxamer gel. Therefore, the gelation temperature (15/15, $35.7^{\circ}C$ vs 37.0, 39.4 $38.2^{\circ}C$; 15/20, $29.2^{\circ}C$ vs 31.2, 32.0, $30.3^{\circ}C$) increased, and gel strength (15/15, 4.03 see vs 2.72, 2.08, 3.12sec; 15/20, 300g vs 50, 50, 200g) and bioadhesive force (15/15, $6.8{\times}10^2\;dyne/cm^2$ vs 3.2, 6.0, $6.0{\times}10^2\;dyne/cm^2$; 15/20, $97.3{\times}10^2\;dyne/cm^2$ vs 11.1, 89.5, $92.0{\times}10^2\;dyne/cm^2$) decreased. Furthermore, the binding force of poloxamer gel became strong due to the hydrogen-bonding capacities of glycerin and the cross-liking bonding of sodium salt. Then, the gelation temperature (15/15, 35.0, $32.1^{\circ}C$; 15/20, 26.0, $21.0^{\circ}C$) decreased, and gel strength (15/15, 6.51 see, 300g; 15/20, 500, 650g) and bioadhesive force (15/15, 7.2, $81.6{\times}10^2\;dyne/cm^2$; 15/20, 112.3, $309.2{\times}10^2\;dyne/cm^2$) increased. The effect of pH on the physicochemical properties of poloxamer gel was dependent on the ingredients with which the buffer solutions were prepared. Poloxamer gels prepared with pH 1.2 and 4.0 buffer solutions had the increasing gelation temperature (15/15, 37.5, $38.1^{\circ}C$; 15/20, 33.1, $34.0^{\circ}C$) and the decreasing gel strength (15/15, 2.98, 3.81sec; 15/20, 200, 200g) and bioadhesive force (15/15, $7.0{\times}10^2dyne/cm^2$; 15/20, $74.0{\sim}88.1{\times}10^2dyne/cm^2$) owing to HCl. Poloxamer gel prepared with pH 6.8 buffer solutions had the decreasing gelation temperature (15/15, $27.2^{\circ}C$; 15/20, $22.3^{\circ}C$) and the increasing gel strength (15/15, 400g; 15/20, 550g) and bioadhesive force (15/15, $207.0{\times}10^2dyne/cm^2$; 15/20, $215.0{\times}10^2dyne/cm^2$) due to the cross-linking bonding of $NaH_2PO_4\;and\;K_2HPO_4$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2009

Esterase EM2L8 gene isolated from deep sea sediment was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the esterase activity of the cell-free extract was assayed using p-nitrophenyl butyrate-spectrophotometric method. Its optimum temperature was $40-45^{\circ}C$ and 45% activity of the maximum activity was retained at $15^{\circ}C$. The activation energy at $15-45^{\circ}C$ was calculated to be 4.9 kcal/mol showing that esterase EM2L8 was a typical cold-adapted enzyme. Enzyme activity was maintained for 6 h and 4 weeks at $30^{\circ}C$ and $4^{\circ}C$, respectively. When each ethanol, methanol, and acetone was added to the reaction mixture to 15% concentration, enzyme activity was maintained. In the case of DMSO, enzyme activity was kept up to 40% concentration. (S)-4-Chloro-3-hydroxy butyric acid is a chiral intermediate for the synthesis of Atorvastatin, a hyperlipemia drug. When esterase EM2L8 (40 U) was added to buffer solution (1.2 mL, pH 9.0) containing ethyl-(R,S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutyrate (38 mM), it was hydrolyzed into 4-chloro-3-hydroxy butyric acid with a rate of $6.8\;{\mu}mole/h$. The enzyme hydrolyzed (S)-substrate more rapidly than (R)-substrate. When conversion yield was 80%, e.e.s value was 40%. When DMSO was added, hydrolysis rate increased to $10.4\;{\mu}mole/h$. The plots of conversion yield vs e.e.s in the presence or absence of DMSO were almost same, implying that the reaction enantioselectivity was not changed by the addition of DMSO. Taken together, esterase EM2L8 had high activity and stability at low temperatures as well as in various organic solvents/aqueous solutions. These properties suggested that it could be used as a biocatalyst in the synthesis of useful pharmaceuticals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.793-798
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• 2006

We investigated the effects on the cytotoxicity against several cancer cells of the hydrolysis and molecular weight fractionation of crude laminaran from E. bicyclis, a brown seaweed collected from Uleung island in Korea, was extracted with boiling water and then crude laminaran was prepared by ethanol precipitation of extract obtained after elimination of calcium alginate by calcium chloride. Crude laminaran was hydrolyzed by enzyme (Econase CE), acid (0.1 N HCl) and autoclaving ($121^{\circ}C$, 180 min), and the molecular weight fractions by ultrafiltration to generate molecular weight fractions. Total sugar and sulfate contents of hydrolyzed laminaran were 72.3 and 3.5% (enzyme hydrolysate), 68.5 and 3.0% (acid hydrolysate), 70.2 and 3.2% (autoclaved), and monosaccharides of which consisted of glucose (74.7-78.5%), mannose (9.9-11.5%), galactose (8.5-9.6%) and fucose (3.1-4.5%), respectively. When the cytotoxicity of hydrolyzed laminaran on SNU-1, HeLa and SW cells was evaluated by MTT assay, growth-inhibitory activity of the enzyme hydrolysate against cancer cells was higher than that of acid hydrolysate or autoclaved laminaran. Furthermore, the fraction at a molecular weight range of 10 to 50 kDa revealed higher anti-proliferative activities. The $IC_{50}$ values of 10-50 kDa fraction at a molecular weight range of 10 to 50 kDa revealed higher anti-proliferative activities. The $IC_{50}$ values of 10-50 kDa fractions on SNU-1, HeLa and SW cells were 60.4, 58.6 and 53.9 ${\mu}g/mL$ for enzymatic hydrolysate, 75.6, 73.5 and 77.4 ${\mu}g/mL$ for acid hydrolysate, and 61.7, 68.2 and 60.8 ${\mu}g/mL$ for autoclaved, respectively.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.587-602
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of citric acid and tetracycline HCI application to the root surfaces of periodontally diseased teeth on the proliferation and spreading of human periodontal ligament cells. The roots were prepared so that the comparison could be made among root planed, citric acid treated and tetracycline HCI treated surfaces. In the cell proliferation experiment, human periodontal ligament cells at a concentration of $1{\times}10^5$ cells/ml were seeded in each culture well with specimens and incubated for 6 hours. Then, the specimens were transferred to a fresh culture well and incubated for 24, 48, 72 hours respectively. The cell counting was done after trypsinization. In the cell spreading experiment, $1{\times}10^4$ cells/ml were seeded in each culture well and incubated for 30min, 6 hours and 24 hours at 37.5$^{\circ}C$ in a $CO_2$ incubator. Then, all specimens were fixed with phosphate buffered glutaraldehydes, postfixed with phosphate buffered osmium tetraoxide, stained with phosphate buffered tannic acid, dehydrated in ethanol, dried at a critical point, coated with gold and examined under a scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows:In the cell proliferation experiments, the number of attached cells increased more in the tetracycline treated group than in the other groups. In the initial attachment, the appearance of the tetracycline treated the groups was slightly more spread out than in the other groups. After 6 hours of incubation, it was observed in most of the cells that cell morphologic alteration went from ovoid shapes sto spindle shapes. After 24 hours of incubation, the cells of all groups had a fusiform appearance and were connected to each other by numerous cytoplasmic processes. The tetracycline and citric acid treated groups had a similar spreading appearance of periodontal ligament cells, but the tetracycline treated group was more effective in the cell proliferation than the citric acid group.