• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.1-41
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• 2007

Since Korea experienced a 'jobless growth' in 2003, creating jobs in the service sector has been considered as a top priority employment agenda. However, despite high employment outcomes in services, labor productivity remains stagnant in the service sector in recent years. A great deal of concern has been raised regarding newly created service jobs. Critics say low productivity in the service sector will harm the engine of economic growth in our country. This paper investigates the side of the demand for quality of labor, namely, the demand for skills as one of the main source of low productivity in the service sector. To analyze the changes of skills demand, this paper suggests the concept of job-based skills instead of worker-based skills and presents the way of constructing measures of job-based skills. By means of common factor analysis using job information in the Korean Dictionary of Occupational Titles, I extract 4 direct measures of job-based skills, such as cognitive skills, physical skills, fine skills, interactive skills. These skill measures are used to explore and to test how the skill structure changed in the service sector during 2002-2006. Empirical Results show that whereas the goods sector makes progress toward upskilling being represented by increased cognitive elements and softenization of tasks, the service sector, although high-educated workers increased, exhibits trends of deskilling in the sense of job-based skills during 2002-2006 in Korea. The trend of deskilling however does not seem a general aspect in the overall service sector. Rather, it seems a compound process that high-skilled jobs are created, but, on the other hand low-skilled jobs requiring physical labor are produced at the same time.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.133-173
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• 2011

Since mid-1960s the reports from the Surgeon General, the World Health Organization, and other health experts state that there is no risk-free level exposure to smoking and secondhand smoke. Tobacco smoke is made up of more than 7,000 chemicals. Hundreds are toxic, and at least 70 are carcinogens. The chemicals in tobacco smoke reach smoker's lungs quickly every time smoker inhale causing damages immediately. Inhaling even the smallest amount of tobacco smoke can also damage smoker's DNA, which can lead to cancers. Smoking is responsible for more than 87% of lung cancers, but there are a host of other chronic diseases directly related to exposure to tobacco smoke. It's also a major cause of heart disease, stroke, aortic aneurysm, peripheral arterial disease and most of the other diseases. In the United States, each year with more than from 440,000 to 520,000 deaths caused by smoking and exposure to involuntary smoke. They conclude that smoking is the single most important source of preventable morbidity and mortality. The United States of America have about 60-year history of tobacco litigation. Tobacco litigation has been an important tool in tobacco control strategies aimed at limiting the activities of tobacco companies and providing redress to people who have become ill as a result of their use of tobacco products. Tobacco litigation is a kind of tort litigation. Quite often, as in the asbestos and other mass tort litigation episodes, tobacco litigation can play an educational role, warning the public about the magnitude of health risks that might otherwise be less clearly perceived. Tobacco litigation allows smokers, their families or other victims of smoking to sue tobacco companies in order to be compensated for the harm they have suffered. Potential benefits of tobacco litigation include compensation for smoking-related damages, strengthening regulatory activity, publicity, documents disclosure and changing tobacco industry behavior. And also tobacco litigation can limit the political activities of tobacco industry, protect human rights of smokers and non-smokers, increase burden to tobacco price-up and enhance the effects of law and politics in public health.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2017

Background and Aim : Lately the age of competition has come among the medical service area. At the same time disputes over the medical practice related to the medical person's territory tend to increase. In part it is due to the increased medical persons but in part it is because the medical practice is not defined clearly in the Medical Service Act for the practice of each medical person. So the legal definition of medical practice will be discussed here. Materials and Method : The cases from the court have been confirmed the difference between the two medical persons regarding the actual events. Legal aspects of medical practice in Korean medicine and the related cases will be reviewed and analysed. Results : The form of medical practice consists of administrating Korean medicine treatment and providing guidance for health based on Korean medicine. For medical doctors the practice includes medical treatment and guidance for health. Circular definition in the Medical Service Act over the medical practice, medical person and medical instruments makes it difficult to understand the whole idea. Therefore, the court has a tendency to decide the medical practice of medical doctor of Korean medicine from the some reliable points which is: 1) it is based on the principle of traditional Korean Medicine, 2) it is practiced by the medical doctor of Korean Medicine, 3) it can do harm to the patient without proper involvement of the medical doctor of Korean Medicine. Now the Act on the promotion of Korean Medicine and Pharmaceuticals makes it include the concept of "scientifically applied and developed" medical practice of Korean Medicine. Conclusions : With the essential change in the Act on the promotion of Korean Medicine and Pharmaceuticals, it is expected that even slight change can be seen in the court cases. However, still the concept of medical practice in the Medical Service Act remains the same. Modernisation of Korean Medicine, enhancement of textbooks and clinical practice training and the effort to amend the law to clearly define the medical practice of Korean Medicine will contribute to the clinical and academic environment. Evidence based Korean Medicine and even the unification of east-west medicine could be considered for the situation.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.415-421
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• 2012

In case of Korean housing complex, there became more mixed arrangement of buildings with different number of layers for a variety of urban skyline, recently. For example, around 33% of the construction sites of 'A' public corporation have gaps of more than 4 layers between high-rise buildings and low-rise ones in the same site, according to the survey. Generally, construction duration of the housing complex is estimated based on the layers of the highest building. Due to this baseline, whole construction duration could be extended so that the project cost could be increased. Therefore, framework duration of higher-rise buildings should be reduced to secure the feasibility of the project. On the other hands, these shortenings could adversely harm the feasibility in some cases because there are a wide range of combinations of the buildings with different number of layers in designing housing complex. Therefore, this study shows the results of analysis on effects of framework time shortening on the cost in housing complex project. Moreover, this could set the baseline of checking possibilities in condensing the construction duration of projects with buildings of different layers by supplying comprehensive database.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1986

A small pot experiment, filled with one hundred fifty gram of Cd amended soil, was conducted in order to learn the effect of combined application of lime and organic matter and of calcium silicate on Chinese cabbage(Brassica pekinensis, Var. Seoul, Heungnong, Miho 70 days). Results obtained are as follows: 1. The application of lime without organic matter depressed the growth of cabbage at the first and second harvests, but, at the later part of third harvest the growth was facilitated so as to harvest very good yield. 2. The combined application of lime and organic matter gave not only a good growth of cabbage from the first crop, but also lowered the cadmium content of dry cabbage bellow that of cabbage harvested from the plot applied with slaked lime alone. Those effect of combined application of both materials were lasted untill the third harvest. 3. Although gave little effect on soil pH, calcium silicate raised a normal good cabbage, and depressed the cadmium content of dry cabbage, by 0.21 me per 100g, which is higher than that of slaked lime plot cabbage, but within the range of no harm to cabbage growth. 4. The control and organic matter plots resulted in a remarkable soil pH drop and high cadmium content in dry cabbage, which lead the crop to a death from the second crop. 5. A negative correlation was observed between the contents of cadmium and calcium in dry cabbage crop, but positive correlations between those of cadmium and magnesium or cadmium and potassium. These relations were grown up as the harvesting were proceeding.

• Proceedings of the KSEE Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.167-184
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• 2006

There is cattle shed and house structure of a country village in the vicinity of the construction site. that is why the environmental effect evaluation on blasting had been done in advance to prevent any harm to those from the work. As the result, it is impossible to apply to the blasting method, and the Super wedge method, a kind of a rock-splitting method which there is no secondary breaking by a breaker of the methods breaking &excavating rock according to the classification of the blasting method by the ministry of construction & transpotation, applied to decrease noise and vibration, and to the work classification, the extent of noise and vibration measured with the instrument only for noise(SC-310c) and with the instrument only for vibration(BLASTMATE) respectively. A drilling, splitting, collecting, loading works at the closest point(about 10m) is barely possible on the consideration of vibration to the result of measurement, but carefulness needs on moving of equipment. On the case of noise, even drilling, collecting, loading work except splitting at the comparatively close point(about 20m) is difficult. So, the method breaking &excavating rock according to the classification of the blasting method by the ministry of construction & transpotation has to apply in consideration of noise level in accordance with the work processing.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.112-119
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• 2020

Suicide has been a long-standing problem for global public health, along with almost 800,000 deaths from suicide worldwide in 2016, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths. South Korea was ranked first in suicide mortality in 2018 among countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. This study aimed to suggest up-to-date information about suicide-related indicators such as the rate of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and suicide death, and its trends by applying sampling weight to make it nationally representative. In this study, we used the data sources: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination (KNHANES, '07-13, '15-18), Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS, '08-09, '13, '17), Korean Wealth Panel Study (KOWEPS, '12-18), Korea Health Panel Survey (KHP, '10-13), and Statistics Korea (1983-2017). The rate of suicidal ideation as recent year was 4.73% (KNHANES, '17), 6.96% (KCHS, '17), 2.29% (KOWEPS, '18), and 5.39% (KHP, '13). That of suicide attempt as recent year was 0.51% (KNHANES, '18), 0.32% (KCHS, '17), and 0.15% (KOWEPS, '18). Annual percentage change (APC) of suicidal ideation was -15.4% (KNHANES, '07-13, '15, '17), -2.5% (KCHS, '08-09, '13, '17), -10.8% (KOWEPS, '12-18), and -10.9% (KHP, '10-13). APC of suicide attempt was -4.4% (KNHANES, '07-13, '15-18), -4.4% (KCHS, '08-09, '13, '17), and -13.6% (KOWEPS, '12-18). APC of death by intentional self-harm was -1.25% (Statistics Korea, '07-18). All suicide-related indicators were found to be decreasing in the overall from 2009. Individuals with lower income level were more likely to experience suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Even though suicide rate had been continuously decreasing from its highest point in 2011 (suicide rate: 31.7 per 100,000 population) to 2017 (suicide rate: 24.3 per 100,000 population), it increased again in 2018 (suicide rate: 26.6 per 100,000 population). This information would be grounded on policy implementation for suicide prevention, thus continuous data observation is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.399-407
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• 2001

The microinjection of retroviral vectors into the perivitelline spaces of MII-stage oocytes increased production of transgenic bovine embryos. However, oocytes have various sizes of perivitelline space, and there is the tendency that the oocyte membranes are damageable by micropipettes during the injection of retroviral vectors into perivitelline spaces or oocytes. Thus, it was not always possible to stably inject retroviral vector into perivitelline spaces of oocytes. Here we used sucrose to minimize the damage of the oocyte membrane. When the oocytes were suspended in 0.5% sucrose, poor quality oocytes showed rough cytoplasmic membranes, while good quality oocytes maintained smooth membranes. However, when the tatters were subjected to in vitro fertilization, no significant differences were observed in cleavage rates (82% of control Vs. 84% of sucrose treated oocytes). The Same trends were obtained from the oocytes fertilized after microinjection of LN$\beta$-EGFP and LNC-hGH genes into the perivitelline spares. The rates of cleavage and blastocyst from microinjection of LN$\beta$-EGFP genes were 81 and 25%, and from microinjection of LNC-hGM genes were 53 and 30%, respectively. The result indicated that microinjected oocytes could develop to the blastocyst stages after in vitro fertilization with no significant difference from control group. Moreover, the integration of hGH-gene (by PCR analysis) was detected in 52% of infected cleaved embryos and the expression of EGFP-gene (under a fluoresrence microscope) was also observed in 34% of infected blastocyst. These results indicated that 0.5% sucrose treatment could be an efficient method not only to select good quality embryos but also to inject retroviral vectors into perivitelline spares without any harm and hence improving developmental rates.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.244-250
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• 2005

Self-injurious behavior is defined as deliberated harm to one's own body without suicidal intent. It usually occurs as head banging or hitting, body hitting, skin cutting, or finger biting and includes ocular, genital, and self-inflicted oral mutilation. Self-injurious behavior can occur with mental retardation, coma, psychotic problem, poisoning, or character disorders. In pediatric patients, self-injurious behavior usually is reported to lip, cheek and tongue biting, and many kinds of dental management methods have been introduced to prevent self-injurious behavior patients from self biting. This report presents two self-inflicted oral mutilation patients who were all treated successfully with appliances such as modified activator without wire for retention, modified tongue-rake appliance and mouth guard.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.156-161
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• 2007

Pediatric dentists are frequently encountered with fractured root fragments of primary teeth caused either by the traumatic injuries or by the accidental fractures during the procedure of tooth extractions. In these situations, we often hesitate which method to choose, extract or retain it. In general, it is recommended to retain apical fragments, as the attempts to extract the apical fragments might harm the developing permanent tooth germ. This study was designed to ensure the validity of intentional retention of the root fragments of primary teeth in the situations described above. 6 children with intentionally root fragments who experienced root fracture in primary anterior teeth were available Periodic radiographic assessment was performed at 3 months interval for $7{\sim}37$ months. The results of this study showed that apical fragments had been resorbed through physiologic process in 5 patients. Apical fragment had been gingival emergence along with the erupting permanent tooth in 1 patient. There were no evidence of interference with eruption of permanent successors. In summary we have been ensured the validity of intentionally retention of the root fragments of primary teeth. Children with being remained apical root fragment should be recalled regularly for assessment and parents should be thoroughly informed about the situation with special emphasis on the necessity of periodic check-up.