• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of additives on the quality of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) silage at the forage experimental field, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1996. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, inoculant A and inoculant B). Crude protein(CP) and Nitrogen free extract(NFE) content of alfalfa silage with additives were higher compared with those obtained control, but Crude ash(CA) and Crude fiber(CF) content of control(11.5 and 39.6%) were higher than those of additive treated plots. ADF and NDF contents of control silage were the highest as 36.2 and 48.6%, respectively, and increased by 4% compared with those obtained before ensiling. The acidity(pH) of control was the highest(5.45), but the lowest in inoculant A(4.32). Inoculant teratment significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. DM content of control silage was the lowest but DM loss of control silage was higher than that of additive treated silage. Ammonia-N content was the highest at formic acid treatment and level of Lactobacillus was decreased at control and formic acid treated silage. Total organic acid and lactic acid content of inoculant A and inoculant B were higher than those of other treated plots. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of LAB(Lactic acid bacteria) could be recommended as producing high quality of alfalfa silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of maturity at harvest and inoculants on the quality of round baled rye(Secale cereale L.) silage at the experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1998. The experiment was consist of split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plots were 3 harvesting stages such as boot(20 April), heading(29 April), and flowering stages(14 May). The subplots wered inoculant treatments : control (untreated), inoculant A, and inoculant B. Acid detergent fiber(ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rye silage were significantly increased with delayed harvesting date, but there was not significant difference between inoculants. Mean silage pH at flowering stage was the lowest(4.35), but the highest at early harvest(4.91). Inoculants significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. Dry matter(DM) content of the control was higher than that of inoculants. Ammonia-N as proportion of total N was below 10% which was maximum level of high quality silage. The addition of inoculants reduced ammonia-N. There were significant difference in organic acid contents between harvesting stages and inoculants. Lactic acid was increased with inoculants, but acetic and butyric acids were decreased. Various treatments increased colony forming unit(CFU) of lactic acid bacteria by 2 or 3 times compared with the control and the highest at flowering stage with inoculant B treatment. Results of this study indicate that use of microbial inoculant and harvesting after heading stage will improve the silage fermentation and quality of round baled rye silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to study on the evaluation of fermentation ability of microbes for whole crop rice silage Inoculant at National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2004 to 2005. We collected 28 strains of microbes from whole crop rice silage. According to acidity and growth ability, 5 strains of microbes was isolated (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2, R10-1, R12-1). The cultures of 4 strains were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2 and R10-1) and one was identified to be Lactobacillus pentosus (R12-1). Whole crop rice was harvested at the yellow ripen stage. It was ensiled in experimental silos (20ℓ capacity) with or without microbial additives (R4-1, R7-1, R7-2, R10-1, R12-1 and three commercial inoculant) and stored at room temperature for 60d. The pH value and acetic acid content of additivetreated silages were lower and lactic acid content was higher than those of the control (p<0.05). There was a trend for acetic acid content to be lowest and lactic acid to be highest in R7-1 treated silage. Crude protein (CP) contents of R7-2 treated silage was higher and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of R7-1 treated silage was lower (p<0.05). Although some strains of inoculant could improve silage quality, L. plantarum R7-1 was more effective as an inoculant for whole crop rice silage. This microbe was named NLRI 401 and registered in the Korea Agricultural Culture Collection.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.130-141
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• 2002

Objectives : Stress induces alteration of gastrointestinal function in which interleukin (IL) and hypothalamo-pituitary-axis are involved. Depression again is associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and interleukins. The author attempted to look into the role of interleukins in the FGID also the association of depression and stress in this context. Methods : Entered were 20 patients with FGID, diagnosed by Rome IT criteria and 20 healthy controls. Depression was measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and stress of the last one year by Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE). Serum levels of IL-$1\beta$, IL-2, IL-6 were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay and serum cortisol by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay. The results were as follows : Results: 1) Serum levels of IL-$1\beta$, IL-2 were significantly lower in the patients with FGID than those in the controls, but level of IL-6 did not differ between two groups. 2) The patient group showed significantly higher level of serum cortisol as well as higher degrees of depression and stress. 3) Positive correlation was noted between depression and serum cortisol, and between depression and IL-2. A trend of negative correlation was seen between depression IL-$1\beta$. Positive correlation was noted between SRE and IL-6 and IL-6 and serum cortisol. Conclusions : It was concluded that FGID might be related to depression and stress. Changes of the interleukins might be involved with elevated cortisol level.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 1984

In order to obtain mutagenic data of enzymatic browning reaction products, we investigated their mutagenicity. The rec-assay with Bacillus subtilis strains $H17(rec^+)$ and $M45(rec^-)$ were carried out with their spores. Detection of double strand breakage in calf-thymus DNA was investigated into sample solution with and without $Cu^{2+}$ by the agarose slab gel electrophoresis. In the rec-assay, catechol, pyrocatechol, DL-dopa, 3,4-dihydroxytoluene, hydroquinone, hydroxyhydroquinone with and without $Cu^{2+}$ in 0.05M ana 0.1M at the enzymatic browning reaction products stowed mutagenic action. And also browning solution of 0.05M hydroxyhydroquinone and catechol with $Cu^{2+}$, hydroquinone with and without $Cu^{2+}$ of 0.1M at the enzymatic browning reaction products were strong mutagenic action. The DNA breakability of the enzymatic browning reaction products of 0.1M pyrogallol was stronger than that of 0.05M pyrogallol browning solution with $Cu^{2+}$ and 3,4-dihydroxytoluene browning solution was stronger than that of 0.01M 3,4-dihydroxytoluene browning solution.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2017

Objectives : Recent neuroimaging studies focus on dysfunctions in connectivity between cognitive circuits and emotional circuits: anterior cingulate cortex that connects dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex to limbic system. Previous studies on pediatric depression using DTI have reported decreased neural connectivity in several brain regions, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, superior longitudinal fasciculus. We compared the neural connectivity of psychotropic drug naïve adolescent patients with a first onset of major depressive episode with healthy controls using DTI. Methods : Adolescent psychotropic drug naïve patients(n=26, 10 men, 16 women; age range, 13-18 years) who visited the Korea University Guro Hospital and were diagnosed with first onset major depressive disorder were registered. Healthy controls(n=27, 5 males, 22 females; age range, 12-17 years) were recruited. Psychiatric interviews, complete psychometrics including IQ and HAM-D, MRI including diffusion weighted image acquisition were conducted prior to antidepressant administration to the patients. Fractional anisotropy(FA), radial, mean, and axial diffusivity were estimated using DTI. FMRIB Software Library-Tract Based Spatial Statistics was used for statistical analysis. Results : We did not observe any significant difference in whole brain analysis. However, ROI analysis on right superior longitudinal fasciculus resulted in 3 clusters with significant decrease of FA in patients group. Conclusions : The patients with adolescent major depressive disorder showed statistically significant FA decrease in the DTI-based structure compared with healthy control. Therefore we suppose DTI can be used as a bio-marker in psychotropic drug-naïve adolescent patients with first onset major depressive disorder.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.632-637
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• 1996

Effects of refrigeration temperature and its fluctuation range on the growth of psychrotrophic microorganisms and the quality of refrigerated foods such as apple, fish and oyster were evaluated to find optimum storage conditions for a domestic refrigerator. Refrigeration temperature was $2^{\circ}C$ or $4^{\circ}C$, and fluctuation ranges were varied: ${\pm}0.3,\;{\pm}1.0,\;{\pm}1.2,\;or\;{\pm}4.0^{\circ}C$. Changes in hardness of apples stored at $2{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$ were much slower than those of apples stored at $4{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$. Freshness of fish and oyster also lasted much longer at low temperature such as $2{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$. The growth of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on sliced ham was inhibited for 1 month at $2{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$, but the cells at $4{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$ began to grows as time elapsed. Therefore, it was expected that shelf-life of certain food stored in a domestic refrigerator could be extended by lowering temperature to $2^{\circ}C$ and by reducing fluctuation range of refrigerator.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1999

Applications of chitosan are related to molecular weight and degree of deacetylation(DOD) of chitosan completely. The molecular weight and DOD were greatly affected by the concentration of solution time and temperature. The degree of demineralization was not significantly different at $50^{\circ}C\;and\;70^{\circ}C$ after 30 minutes. Deproteinization decreased as process time increased. The nitrogen content was reached to 6.92% after 90 minute at $80^{\circ}C$, which is similar to theoretical nitrogen content of chitin. The DOD was 82.84% after 2 hours reaction and increased as the reaction time increased in the process. Viscosity and molecular weight are increased as recycling number of concentrated NaOH solution increased. Chemical, biological and physical properties of chitosan depend on the DOD and molecular size of the molecule. Tensile strength of the films from acetic acid solutions was between $28.9{\sim}33.6$ MPa and was generally higher than that of the films from lactic acid. Elongation of the films from lactic acid was between $97.0{\sim}109.7%$ and was generally higher than that of the films from the acetic acid. Water vapor permeability of the films prepared from lcetic acid solutions was between $1.9{\sim}2.3ng{\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$ and was generally higher than that of the films from the acetic acid.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2011

The physicochemical characteristics of chicken breast were determined to identify the optimal ratio of $CO_2$ and $N_2$ to maintain chicken breast quality during cold storage for 6 d. The mixing ratios of $CO_2$ and $N_2$ were 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20, respectively. The pH of the chicken breast packed with 80% $CO_2$ and 20% $N_2$ was lower than that of the control on day 1 (p<0.05). The lightness ($L^*$) of the breast increased with increasing $CO_2$ during storage (p<0.05), whereas no difference was found for redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$). A lower volatile basic nitrogen level was found for chicken breasts exposed to higher $CO_2$ levels. Furthermore, lipid oxidation of the chicken breast packed with $CO_2$ decreased with increasing $CO_2$ level, and 40% $CO_2$ significantly reduced 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values on days 1 and 6. The total number of microbes was reduced in chicken breast exposed to more than 40% $CO_2$ during storage days 3 and 6 (p<0.05); however, Escherichia coli was not affected by $CO_2$ level. Coliforms of chicken breast were reduced in the 40% $CO_2$ level on storage day 3. Moreover, tray-packed chicken breast exposed to 40% $CO_2$ did not collapse. These results suggest that 40% $CO_2$ and 60% $N_2$ were the optimal conditions for packaging chicken breasts during cold storage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to evaluated the effect of maturity at harvest on the changes in quality of round baled rye silage at forage experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1998. The experimental design was a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were three different harvest stages : boot, heading and flowering stages, and the subplots were days after ensiling : 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 30, 45, and 60 days. The wilting period of boot, heading and flowering stages were 1, 0.5 and 0.5 days, respectively. The final pH of rye silage was higher in the order of flowering, boot and heading stages. And pH of flowering stage began to change at early fermentation period, but that of boot and heading stages was delayed 1~2 days. Ammonia-N content of boot stage was highest. and that was increased as fermentation progressed. But Ammonia-N of heading stage was decreased to 30 days. then that was increased after 45 days fermentation. Among fermentation periods, inside temperature of deep place was not affected by external temperature. And that of deep place was increased to 3$0^{\circ}C$ at early fermentation. then decreased as fermentation progressed. However surface temperature was affected by external temperature after 10 days. Acetic acid content was not changed with 5 days by harvest stages, but that of boot stage was increased after 10 days. Butyric acid of boot stage was increased after 5 days. but that of heading stage was increased after 10 days. However lactic acid was increased from 1~2% to 6~8%. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of heading and flowering stages were highest at 5 days fermentation, and that of boot stage was highest at 10 days fermentation. The results of this study indicate that fermentation of round baled rye silage occur within 5 days. Therefore, any modification should be applied with an 5 days for high quality of round baled rye silage.