• 한국동물위생학회지
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.263-271
• /
• 2014

In this study, we developed a cost and time saving one-step multiplex RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of swine influenza viruses (SIV) and 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus (pH1N1). The one-step multiplex RT-PCR using four sets of primer was confirmed to be capable of detection of all SIV subtypes and differential diagnosis of major SIV subtype H1, H3 and pH1N1 on individual or mixed viral culture samples. The sensitivity of the multiplex RT-PCR was determined to be at least $2^{-6}$ $HA/25{\mu}L$ of the presented SIVs, providing sufficient efficacy for a routine SIV monitoring in diagnostic laboratories. In addition, compared with the conventional RT-PCR methods that cannot avoid the carryover DNA contamination, the developed RT-PCR applied with the uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) system was proven to prevent a false positive reaction by carryover contamination of the pre-amplified DNA. In conclusion, the one-step RT-PCR with UNG system could be applicable to detect and differentiate of SIV from the viral cultures without worry of carryover DNA contamination in clinical laboratories.

• 지역사회간호학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.481-488
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to examine the relations among anxiety, knowledge, health locus of control and preventive behavior, and to find factors related with preventive behavior. Methods: The subjects were 269 elderly people of over 65 living in C City. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS. Results: Health promoting behavior was significantly different according to chronic disease, contact with H1N1 patient and perceived health status. The variables that affected the level of preventive behavior were anxiety, knowledge, internal locus of control, external locus of control, chance locus of control and perceived health status. Conclusion: According to this study, promoting preventive behavior for H1N1 on the elderly builds up anxiety, knowledge, and health locus of control.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.99-104
• /
• 2010

The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the emergence of a novel influenza on April 24, 2009, and they declared pandemic on June 11. In Korea, the proportion of influenza-like illness and the consumption of antiviral agents peaked in early November. The government established the Central Headquarters for Influenza Control and operated the emergency response system. In the quarantine stations, we checked the body temperature and collected quarantine questionnaires from all the arrivals from infected countries. We also isolated the confirmed cases in the national isolation hospitals. However, as the community outbreaks were reported, we changed strategy from containment to mitigation. We changed the antiviral agent prescription guideline so that doctors could prescribe antiviral agents to all patients with acute febrile respiratory illness, without a laboratory diagnosis. Also the 470 designated hospitals were activated to enhance the efficacy of treatment. We vaccinated about 12 million people and manage the adverse event following the immunization management system. In 2010, we will establish additional national isolation wards and support hospitals to establish fever clinics and isolation intensive care unit (ICU) beds. We will also make a computer program for managing the national isolation hospitals and designated hospitals. We will establish isolation rooms and expand the laboratory in quarantine stations and we will construct a bio-safety level 3 laboratory in each province. In addition, we plan to construct a bio-safety level 4 laboratory at a new Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) facilities in Ossong.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.43.1-43.10
• /
• 2021

Background: The H5 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of clade 2.3.4.4 circulate in wild and domestic birds worldwide. In 2017, nine strains of H5N6 AIVs were isolated from aquatic poultry in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the origin, reassortment, and mutations of the AIV isolates. Methods: AIVs were isolated from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of poultry. Identification was accomplished by inoculating isolates into embryonated chicken eggs and performing hemagglutination tests and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The viral genomes were amplified with RT-PCR and then sequenced. The sequence alignment, phylogenetic, and molecular characteristic analyses were performed by using bioinformatic software. Results: Nine isolates originated from the same ancestor. The viral HA gene belonged to clade 2.3.4.4B, while the NA gene had a close phylogenetic relationship with the 2.3.4.4C H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) isolated from shoveler ducks in Ningxia in 2015. The NP gene was grouped into an independent subcluster within the 2.3.4.4B H5N8 AIVs, and the remaining six genes all had close phylogenetic relationships with the 2.3.4.4B H5N8 HPAIVs isolated from the wild birds in China, Egypt, Uganda, Cameroon, and India in 2016-2017, Multiple basic amino acid residues associated with HPAIVs were located adjacent to the cleavage site of the HA protein. The nine isolates comprised reassortant 2.3.4.4B HPAIVs originating from 2.3.4.4B H5N8 and 2.3.4.4C H5N6 viruses in wild birds. Conclusions: These results suggest that the Northern Tianshan Mountain wetlands in Xinjiang may have a key role in AIVs disseminating from Central China to the Eurasian continent and East African.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.36.1-36.14
• /
• 2022

Background: Since 2003, the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype has caused massive economic losses in the poultry industry in South Korea. The role of inland water bodies in avian influenza (AI) outbreaks has not been investigated. Identifying water bodies that facilitate risk pathways leading to the incursion of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) into poultry farms is essential for implementing specific precautionary measures to prevent viral transmission. Objectives: This matched case-control study (1:4) examined whether inland waters were associated with a higher risk of AI outbreaks in the neighboring poultry farms. Methods: Rivers, irrigation canals, lakes, and ponds were considered inland water bodies. The cases and controls were chosen based on the matching criteria. The nearest possible farms located within a radius of 3 km of the case farms were chosen as the control farms. The poultry farms were selected randomly, and two HPAI epidemics (H5N8 [2014-2016] and H5N6 [2016-2017]) were studied. Conditional logistic regression analysis was applied. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that inland waters near poultry farms were significant risk factors for AI outbreaks. The study speculated that freely wandering wild waterfowl and small animals contaminate areas surrounding poultry farms. Conclusions: Pet birds and animals raised alongside poultry birds on farm premises may wander easily to nearby waters, potentially increasing the risk of AI infection in poultry farms. Mechanical transmission of the AI virus occurs when poultry farm workers or visitors come into contact with infected water bodies or their surroundings. To prevent AI outbreaks in the future, poultry farms should adopt strict precautions to avoid contact with nearby water bodies and their surroundings.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 2002

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified hemagglutinin of swine influenza virus (H1N1) as antigen was developed for detection of antibody to avian influenza virus (AIV). The sensitivity and specificity of a developed and commercial available ELISA kits were compared with those of agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using sera collected from chickens under condition of field exposure. The concentration of antigen, serum dilution and concentration of enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody in developed ELISA (S-ELISA) were 0.5ug/100ul, 1:200 and 0.03ug/100ul, respectively. The correlation coefficients between S-ELISA and commercial ELISA and HI titers were 0.419 and 0.533, respectively. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) was not found between HI and ELISA titers. The S-ELISA was found to be as more sensitive and specific than the AGP test, showing 86.8% sensitivity and 85.3% specificity. It is suggested that the ELISA using the SIV as antigen may be useful method as an investigating tool for AIV serological surveillance.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2018

목적: 인플루엔자 유행 예방에 대한 가장 효과적인 방법은 인플루엔자 백신이나 한국의 소아청소년을 대상으로 한 면역원성 및 안전성에 대한 자료가 많지 않다. 이에 본 연구는 국내에서 많이 사용되는 불활성화 3가 백신의 면역원성과 안전성을 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 2008년 10월부터 12월까지 고려대학교 의료원 안산병원 소아청소년과에 인플루엔자 예방접종을 위해 내원한 건강한 소아청소년 중 임상시험 지원자 65명을 대상으로 하여 접종 전과 접종 후 30일째 혈구응집억제(hemagglutinin inhibition) 항체검사를 시행하고 접종 직후부터 접종 후 7일까지 국소반응과 전신반응을 포함한 이상반응을 관찰하여 기록하도록 하였다. 결과: 분할 인플루엔자 백신의 세 항원(H1N1, H3N2, B) 각각에 대한 접종 후 혈청보호율은 87.7%, 89.2%, 89.2% (${\geq}70%$)였으며 혈청전환율은 44.6%, 73.8%, 63.1% (${\geq}40%$), 혈청전환인자는 3.35, 7.18, 5.13 (>2.5)으로 Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) 기준을 만족하였다. 전체 피험자 65명 중 48명(73.8%)이 백신 접종 후 이상반응을 보고하였으나 아나필락시스나 경련과 같은 심각한 이상반응은 없었다. 발적(29.2%), 동통(43.1%), 종창(41.5%)과 같은 국소반응을 보고한 피험자는 42명(64.6%)이었고, 권태(23.1%), 근육통(20.0%), 두통(10.8%), 관절통(10.8%), 오한(9.2%), 발열(7.7%) 등과 같은 전신반응을 보고한 피험자는 26명(40.0%)이었다. 결론: 6개월에서 18세까지의 소아청소년을 대상으로 한 불활성화 3가 백신의 면역원성과 안전성에 대한 연구 결과 H1N1, H3N2, B 항원 모두 CPMP 기준에 부합하여 적합한 면역원성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 국소반응 및 경미한 전신반응 이외에 심각한 이상반응은 보이지 않아 비교적 안전하다고 판단된다.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제22권12호
• /
• pp.881-890
• /
• 2010

As Influenza A virus(H1N1) has been spreading more rapidly around globe, the study on the airborne disease which is transimitted through the respiratory system is on the rise. In this study, the multizone simulation of the public building against bioviolence is performed in the case of unexpected spread of microbial contaminants, such as bioviolence agent, Influenza A, Smallpox, B. anthrax and transport and control characteristics of above three kinds of bioviolence agents are evaluted. Results suggest that Influenza A and Smallpox which has small mean diameter can be more removable than B. anthrax by using high UVGI grade condition and B. anthrax which has large mean diameter can be more removable than Influenza A and Smallpox by using high filter grade condition. Results also suggest that installing a combined air treatment system is more effective to reduce the damage and engineers will use immune building technology for removing the bioviolence agents effectively.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제47권1호
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2011

조류 인플루엔자 바이러스(AIV) 아형을 ultra-time PCR법(UPCR)을 이용하여 초스피드로 진단할 수 있는 방법을 고안하였다. 표적 대상의 프라이머는 AIV H5N1 아형의 hemagglutinin(HA) 유전자 중 가장 상보성이 높은 133 bp의 부위를 선택하였고, 실험의 안전을 위하여 인공합성의 방법으로 제작하였다. 압타머와 결합한 molecular beacon 기반 Mini-Opticon Q-PCR 기기를 사용한 UPCR법으로, 총 UPCR 반응액의 양을 10 ${\mu}l$으로, UPCR과 용융온도 분석시간을 15분 이내로 매우 짧게 단축시켰다. 민감도 측정에서 최소의 주형인 5분자의 HA 유전자만으로 정확히 AIV의 특이적 133 bp를 합성하였다. UPCR로 디자인된 이 PCR은 AIV 아형의 진단에 적용될 수 있을 뿐 아니라, UPCR이 기반되는 진단을 이용하여 다른 병원체에도 널리 적용 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제54권5호
• /
• pp.207-211
• /
• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the immune responses of children with moderate and severe novel influenza A virus (H1N1) pneumonia, and to compare their clinical and immunological findings with those of control subjects. Methods: Thirty-two admitted patients with H1N1 pneumonia were enrolled in the study. The clinical profiles, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of the 16 H1N1 pneumonia patients who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (severe pneumonia group), 16 H1N1 pneumonia patients admitted to the pediatric general ward (moderate pneumonia group) and 13 control subjects (control group) were measured. Results: Total lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in patients with H1N1 pneumonia than in the control group (P=0.02). The number of CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly lower in the severe pneumonia group ($411.5{\pm}253.5/{\mu}L$) than in the moderate pneumonia ($644.9{\pm}291.1/{\mu}L$, P=0.04) and control ($902.5{\pm}461.2/{\mu}L$, P=0.01) groups. However, the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher in the severe pneumonia group ($684.2{\pm}420.8/{\mu}L$) than in the moderate pneumonia ($319.7{\pm}176.6/{\mu}L$, P=0.02) and control ($407.2{\pm}309.3/{\mu}L$, P=0.03) groups. The CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes ratio was significantly lower in the severe pneumonia group ($0.86{\pm}0.24$) than in the moderate pneumonia ($1.57{\pm}0.41$, P=0.01) and control ($1.61{\pm}0.49$, P=0.01) groups. The serum levels of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin E were significantly higher in the severe pneumonia group than in the 2 other groups. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that increased humoral immune responses and the differences in the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte profiles, and imbalance of their ratios may be related to the severity of H1N1 pneumonia in children.