• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.281-285
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• 2014

Ticks were collected from 35 animals from 5 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities during 2012. Ticks also were collected by tick drag from 4 sites in Gyeonggi-do (2) and Jeollabuk-do (2) Provinces. A total of 612 ticks belonging to 6 species and 3 genera were collected from mammals and a bird (n=573) and by tick drag (n=39). Haemaphyalis longicornis (n=434) was the most commonly collected tick, followed by H. flava (158), Ixodes nipponensis (11), Amblyomma testudinarium (7), H. japonica (1), and H. formosensis (1). H. longicornis and H. flava were collected from all animal hosts examined. For animal hosts (n>1), the highest Tick Index (TI) was observed for domestic dogs (29.6), followed by Siberian roe deer (17.4), water deer (14.4), and raccoon dogs (1.3). A total of 402 H. longicornis (adults 86, 21.4%; nymphs 160, 39.8%; larvae 156, 38.9%) were collected from wild and domestic animals. A total of 158 H. flava (n=158) were collected from wild and domestic animals and 1 ring-necked pheasant, with a higher proportion of adults (103, 65.2%), while nymphs and larvae only accounted for 12.7% (20) and 22.2% (35), respectively. Only 7 A. testudinarium were collected from the wild boar (6 adults) and Eurasian badger (1 nymph), while only 5 I. nipponensis were collected from the water deer (4 adults) and a raccoon dog (1 adult). One adult female H. formosensis was first collected from vegetation by tick drag from Mara Island, Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do Province.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.691-698
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• 2019

The seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was monitored with a collection trap method every April to November during 2015-2018 and with a flagging method every July and August during 2015-2018 in Ganghwa-do (island) of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. This monitoring was performed in a copse, a short grass field, coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest. A total of 17,457 ticks (8,277 larvae, 4,137 nymphs, 3,389 females, and 1,654 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis) were collected with collection traps. Of the identified ticks, H. longicornis was the most frequently collected ticks (except larval ticks) (94.26%, 8,653/9,180 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (5.71%, 524/9,180) and Ix. nipponensis (less than 0.04%, 3/9,180). The ticks collected with collecting traps were pooled and assayed for the presence of SFTS virus with negative results. In addition, for monitoring the prevalence of hard ticks, a total of 7,461 ticks (5,529 larvae, 1,272 nymphs, 469 females, and 191 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (H. longicornis, H. flava, and Ix. nipponensis) were collected with flagging method. H. longicornis was the highest collected ticks (except larval ticks) (99.53%, 1,908/1,917 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (1.15%, 22/1,917).

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2013

This study describes the seasonal distribution of larvae, nymph, and adult life stages for 3 species of ixodid ticks collected by tick drag and sweep methods from various habitats in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Grasses less than 0.5 m in height, including herbaceous and crawling vegetation, and deciduous, conifer, and mixed forests with abundant leaf/needle litter were surveyed at United States (US) and ROK operated military training sites and privately owned lands near the demilitarized zone from April-October, 2004 and 2005. Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann adults and nymphs were more frequently collected from April-August, while those of Haemaphysalis flava Neumann and Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka and Saito were collected more frequently from April-July and again during October. H. longicornis was the most frequently collected tick in grass habitats (98.9%), while H. flava was more frequently collected in deciduous (60.2%) and conifer (57.4%) forest habitats. While more H. flava (54.1%) were collected in mixed forest habitats than H. longicornis (35.2%), the differences were not significant. I. nipponensis was more frequently collected from conifer (mean 8.8) compared to deciduous (3.2) and mixed (2.4) forests.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.589-596
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• 2018

Ticks are the vectors of various pathogens, threatening human health and animal production across the globe. Here, for the first time we detected Ricketssia spp., Borrelia spp. and protozoan in ticks from Poyang Lake region in Jiangxi Province of eastern China. In 3 habitat categories and on 12 host species, 311 ticks from 11 species were collected. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the predominant species, accounting for 55.63%, followed by Rhipicephalus microplus, Haemaphysalis flava and Ixodes granulatus. Of the collected ticks, 7.07% were positive for tick-borne pathogens, and H. longicornis and H. flava were found to be co-infected with Ricketssia spp. and protozoan. H. flava was the most detected positive for tick-borne pathogens, whereas H. longicornis had the lowest infection rate, and the difference in infection rates between tick species was significant (${\chi}^2=61.24$, P<0.001). Furthermore, adult ticks demonstrated remarkably greater infection rate than immature ticks (${\chi}^2=10.12$, P=0.018), meanwhile ticks on Erinaceidae showed significantly higher positivity than ticks collected on other host species (${\chi}^2=108.44$, P<0.001). Genetic fragment sequencing and analyses showed at least 4 pathogen species presence in ticks, namely Borrelia yangtzensis, Rickettsia slovaca or Rickettsia raoultii related genospecies, Babesia vogeli and Hepatozoon canis or Hepatozoon felis related genospecies. The finding indicates that the abundant ticks can carry diverse pathogens in Poyang Lake region, and pathogen infection is highly related to species, vertebrate hosts and life stages of ticks.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.356-363
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• 2020

제주지역의 4개 환경(초지, 잡목림, 산길, 무덤)에서 2018년 3월부터 11월까지 진드기 채집을 통하여 진드기의 분포 특성 및 SFTSV 병원체 보균 여부를 조사하였다. Tick trap을 이용해 채집된 3,095마리와 flagging을 이용하여 채집된 1,569마리를 채집하였다. 총 4,664마리의 채집된 진드기 중에서 Haemaphysalis longicornis가 4,440마리(95.2%)로 대부분을 차지하였고, H. flava는 224마리(4.8%)가 채집되었다. 환경적으로는 Tick trap은 초지(953마리), 잡목림(883마리), 산길(847마리), 무덤(411마리)가 채집되었고, flagging은 잡목림(704마리), 산길(472마리), 무덤(197마리), 초지(196마리)가 채집되었다. 발육단계별로는 유충은 5월부터 채집되어 10월에 140마리, 11월에 280마리가 채집되었다. 약충은 4월부터 8월에 집중적으로 채집(2,978마리)되었고, 5월과 6월에 가장 많이 채집되었다. 성충은 6월부터 8월까지 전체 성충 중 94%가 채집되었다. 채집된 H. longicornis 4,440마리와 H. flava 224마리에서 SFTSV는 확인되지 않았다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2024

This study evaluated the potential repellent and acaricidal effects of 4 essential oils (clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint) against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, a vector of various tick-borne diseases in medical and veterinary contexts. Selected for their potential repellent and acaricidal properties, the 4 essential oils were tested on adult and nymph H. longicornis ticks at different concentrations. The experiment assessed mortality rates and repellency, particularly during tick attachment to host skin. There was a significant increase (P<0.05) in tick mortality and repellency scores across all groups. At a 1% concentration, adult tick mortality ranged from 36% to 86%, while nymph mortality ranged from 6% to 97%. Clove oil exhibited notable efficacy, demonstrating high mortality rates of nymphs and adults. Clove oil also displayed strong repellency properties, with a repellency index of 0.05, surpassing those of mint, eucalyptus, and lavender oils. Clove oil showed the highest effectiveness in deterring nonattached adult ticks (90%) and nymphs (95%) when applied to skin. Clove oil was the most effective against adult and nymph ticks, achieving mortality rates of 86% and 97%, respectively, and led to the highest nonattachment rates when applied to skin. In conclusion, essential oils such as clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint oils present promising results for tick population control.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.172-182
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• 2023

At the time of host attachment, ticks are very sensitive to histamine, but during rapid blood sucking they paradoxically require histamine. Using a rabbit model, we studied the effects of histamine and antihistamine during attachment and fast-feeding in different life stages of Haemaphysalis longicorns. We examined how they responded to histamine and antihistamine by analyzing the detachment rate, histology of feeding lesions, and post-feeding behavior. A significant difference (P<0.01) was found in the detachment rate between experimental and control treatments throughout the observation period. Ticks exhibited a higher detachment rate (30.1%) at 12 h after histamine application during attachment time and on antihistamine-treated skin (25.4%) at 96 h during fast-feeding. After feeding on histamine-treated rabbits, the fully engorged body weights of larvae and nymphs were 0.7±0.36 mg and 3.5±0.65 mg, respectively. An average increase in body weight of 0.6±0.05 mg and 3.2±0.30 mg was observed for larvae and nymphs compared to the respective control weights. Nymphs and adults engorged after antihistamine treatment had an average body weight of 1.3±0.54 mg and 54±0.81 mg, respectively. An average decrease in body weight was observed in antihistamine-treated H. longicornis compared with control nymphs (3.3±0.42 mg) and adults (174±1.78 mg). Skin biopsies were collected after treatment, and differential histopathological characteristics were found between the treatment and control groups. Tick-infested skin collected from rabbits in the antihistamine-treated group lacked erythrocytes in the feeding pool, indicating that antihistamine impaired tick fast-feeding stage.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.123-133
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• 1981

진드기는 생물학적(生物學的) 여러 분야(分野)의 연구대상(硏究對象)으로 또는 진드기 매개전염병(媒介傳染病)의 역학(疫學)과 방제(防除)를 위(爲)한 연구재료(硏究材料)로 공시(供試)되는데, 이를 위(爲)하여는 실험작군(實驗作群)에 의(依)한 집단생산(集團生産)이 요구(要求)된다. 그러나 이러한 실험작군(實驗作群)에 있어서 동일(同一)한 가토(家兎)를 실험용(實驗用) 숙주(宿主)로 반복(反復)하여 사용(使用)했을 경우(境遇), 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)가 저하(低下)되는 현상(現象)을 경험(經驗)하게 된다. 이러한 현상(現象)에 흥미(興味)를 가지고, 이를 실험용(實驗用) 가토(家兎)에 대(對)한 Haemaphysalis longicornis 미포혈(未飽血) 자충(雌蟲)의 반복흡혈(反復吸血)에 있어서의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度) 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)해 보고자 몇가지 실험(實驗)이 설계(設計) 진행(遂行)된 바, 결과(結果)는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈시도(吸血試圖)에 있어서 공시(供試)된 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)는 실험용(實驗用) 숙주(宿主)인 가토(家兎)의 월령별(月齡別) 비교군간(比較群間)에 유의성(有意性) 있는 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되지 아니 하였다. 2. 성공적(成功的) 흡혈율(吸血率)은 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈시도(吸血試圖)에서 82.29%를 보였으나, 반복흡혈시도(反復吸血試圖) 차수(次數)가 증가(增加)함에 따라, 76.04%(2차(二次)), 53.13%(3차(三次)), 50%(4차(四次)), 46.87%(5차(五次))로 점차적(漸次的)으로 저하(低下)되는 성적(成績)을 보였다. 3. 평균흡혈기간(平均吸血期間)은 최초(最初)(1차(一次))흡혈시도(吸血試圖)에서 9.34일(日)을 보였으나, 반복흡혈시도(反復吸血試圖) 차수(次數)가 증가(增加)함에 따라, 9.74일(日)(2차(二次)), 10.31(日)(3차(三次)), 10.42(日)(4차(四次)), 10.47(日)(5차(五次))로 점차(漸次) 지연(遲延) 되었으며, 평균흡혈속도(平均吸血速度)는 0.1070에서 0.1027, 0.0970, 0.0960, 0.0955로 점차(漸次) 감속화(減速化) 되었다. 4. 평균(平均) 흡혈체중(吸血體重)에 있어서는 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈시도(吸血試圖)에서 253.3mg의 성적(成績)을 보였으나, 흡혈시도(吸血試圖)가 반복(反復)됨에 따라, 242.58mg(2차(二次)), 190.73mg(3차(三次)), 187.85mg(4차(四次)), 184.18mg(5차(五次))으로 점차(漸次) 경량화(輕量化)되는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 5. 결론적(結論的)으로 실험용(實驗用) 가토(家兎)에 대(對)한 Haemaphysalis longicornis 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)는, 반복흡혈시도(反復吸血試圖) 차수(次數)가 증가(增加)함에 따라, 숙주체내(宿主體內)에 형성(形成) 누적(累積)되는 진드기에 대(對)한 획득면역(獲得免疫)의 영향(影響)을 받아 점차(漸次) 저하(低下)되며, 따라서 H. longicornis 진드기의 집단생산(集團生産)을 위(爲)한 실험작군(實驗作群)이나 혈류보존(血統保存)을 위(爲)한 계대흡혈(繼代吸血)에 있어서 동일(同一) 가토(家兎)를 2회이상(回以上) 반복사용(反復使用)하는 것은 바람직한 일이 아닌 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2018

산해박 뿌리 정유 추출물에 대한 장내 미생물 5종(Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, C. perfringens, E. coli 및 L. casei)의 항균활성 및 작은소피참진드기(Haemaphysalis longicornis)의 살비활성을 검정하였다. 산해박 정유는 20.0 mg/disc에서 유해균 2종(C. perfringens 및 E. coli)에 대해 항균활성을 확인하였으나, 작은소피참진드기에는 살비활성을 나타내지 않았다. GC-MS 분석을 통해 얻어진 구성성분 중에 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone이 유해균 2종에 대해서 10.0 mg/disc에서 각각 12.1 및 12.0 mm의 inhibition zone이 나타난 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과로 인하여 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone 유도 화합물들의 구조에 따른 항균활성을 검정하고자 acetophenone 계열 유도체 10종(acetophenone, 2'-hydroxyacetophenone, 4'-hydroxyacetophenone, 2'-methoxyacetophenone, 4'-methoxyacetophenone, 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2',4'-dimethoxyacetophenone, 2',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone 및 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone)과 비교 실험한 결과, methyl group이 포함된 acetophenone 유도화합물에서는 유해균 2종에 대해 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 장내유익균에 대해서는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나 hydroxyl group이 포함된 acetophenone 유도화합물에서는 장내 미생물에 대해 항균 활성이 전혀 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 통해 산해박 정유와 구성성분 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone 및 그 유도체는 천연 장내 세균총 개선제로서의 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.331-335
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• 2011

A tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the Republic of Korea (ROK) during 2008-2009. A total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 Metropolitan Cities in ROK. Haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by Haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), Ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), Ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), Ixodes persulcatus (4.6%), and Haemaphysalis japonica (0.1%). Adults (57.0%) and nymphs (28.7%) of Ixodes and Haemaphysalis spp. were collected most frequently from medium or large mammals in this survey, while few larvae (14.3%) were collected. Hydropotes inermis was the most frequently captured mammal (52.6%), with a 16.4 tick index and 5 of 6 species of ticks collected during this survey. H. longicornis (69.7%) was the predominant tick collected from H. inermis, followed by H. flava (22.2%), I. persulcatus (6.1%), I. nipponensis (1.8%), and H. japonica (0.2%).