• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1150-1159
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• 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate various wheat supplementation levels on growth performance, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility, and pork quality in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 120 growing pigs ($[Yorkshire{\times}Landrace]{\times}Duroc$), with an average $27.75{\pm}1.319kg$ body weight, were used in growth trial. Pigs were allotted into each treatment by body weight and sex in 4 replicates with 6 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Fourphase feeding programs were used in this experiment. The treatments included the following: i) corn-soybean meal (SBM) - based diet (CON), ii) corn-SBM - based diet+15% of wheat (W15), iii) corn-SBM - based diet+30% of wheat (W30), iv) corn-SBM - based diet+45% of wheat (W45), and 5) corn-SBM-based diet+60% of wheat (W60). Results: There was no significant difference in growth performance among the dietary treatments. However, the gain-to-feed (G:F) ratio tended to increase (quadratic, p<0.08) when the pigs were fed a higher wheat diet during the finishing period. The digestibility of crude ash and fat tended to decrease as the wheat supplementation level increased (p<0.08). The proximate analysis of the longissimus muscle was not affected by the dietary level of wheat. The crude ash content in pork was decreased linearly as the wheat supplementation level increased (p = 0.05). There was no significant difference in the pH level, shear force, water holding capacity, and cooking loss of the pork. In pork and fat, $L^{\star}$, $a^{\star}$, and $b^{\star}$ values were not significantly different among dietary treatments. Conclusion: Wheat can be supplemented up to 60% in a growing-finishing pig without detrimental effects on growth and pork quality. The G:F ratio tended to improve in the finishing period by wheat inclusion.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.394-400
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• 2015

The roots of Platycodon grandiflorum species either dried or fresh, are used as an ingredient in salads and traditional cuisine in Korea. To interpret the root proteins, a systematical and targeting analysis were carried out from diploid and tetraploid roots. Two dimensional gels stained with CBB, a total of 39 differential expressed proteins were identified from the diploid root under in vivo condition using image analysis by Progenesis Same Spot software. Out of total differential expressed spots, 39 differential expressed protein spots (${\geq}\;1.5$-fold) were analyzed using LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometry. Except two proteins, the rest of the identified proteins were confirmed as down-regulated such as Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Proteasome subunit alpha type-2-B. However, the most of the identified proteins from the explants were mainly associated with the oxidoreductase activity, nucleic acid binding, transferase activity and catalytic activity. The exclusive protein profile may provide insight clues for better understanding the characteristics of proteins and metabolic activity in various explants of the economically important medicinal plant Platycodon grandiflorum.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.313-313
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• 2009

OLED 소자는 직접발광, 광시야각, 그리고 빠른 응답속도 때문에 동영상에 적합하여 최근 각광받고 있는 디스플레이장치 중의 하나이다. OLED 소자의 양극재료로는 높은 광투과율과 $\sim10^{-4}{\Omega}\;cm$ 수준의 낮은 전기 비저항을 갖는 ITO (Sn-doped $In_2O_3$)가 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 원료 물질인 인듐의 수급량 부족으로 인한 문제점과 독성, 저온증착의 어려움, 스퍼터링시 음이온 충격에 의한 막 손상으로 저항의 증가의 문제점이 있고, 또한 액정디스플레이의 투명전극으로 사용될 경우 $400\;^{\circ}C$정도의 높은 온도와 수소 플라즈마 분위기에서 장시간 노출 시 열화로 인한 광학적 특성변화가 문제가 된다. 반면에 Al이 도핑 된 ZnO (AZO)박막은 넓은 밴드갭 (3.37eV)와 400nm에서 700nm 사이의 가시광 영역에서 80% 이상의 우수한 투과성을 지니고 있다. 특히 Al이 도핑된 ZnO는 박막의 전기적 특성이 크게 향상되어 디스플레이나 태양전지로의 응용이 가능하다. 또한 비교적 낮은 비용과 플라즈마에서의 안정성, 무독성, 그리고 전기전도성과 같은 많은 이점이 있다. 그 결과 AZO 박막은 ITO기판을 대안하는 지원물질로 활발히 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 TCO 박막의 면 저항과 표면 거칠기에 따른 OLED 소자의 특성을 분석하였다. ITO와 AZO 박막은 챔버 내 다양한 가스 분위기(Ar, Ar+$O_2$ and Ar+$H_2$)에서 R.F Magnetron Sputtering방법으로 증착하였다. TCO 박막의 구조적인 이해를 돕기 위해서 X-ray diffraction 과 FESEM으로 분석하였다. 광학적 투과도와 박막의 두께는 ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Varian, cary-500)와 surface profile measurement system으로 각각 측정하였다. 면저항 charge carrier 농도, 그리고 TCO 박막의 이동도와 같은 전기적특성은 four-point probe와 hall effect measurement(HMS-3000)로 각각 측정하였다. TCO 박막의 표면 거칠기 조절을 위해 photo lithography 공정을 사용하여 TCO 박막을 화학에칭 하였다. 미세사이즈 패턴 마스크가 사용되었으며 에칭의 깊이는 에칭시간에 따라 조절하였다. TCO 박막의 표면 형태는 FESEM과 AFM으로 관찰하였다. 투명전극으로 사용되는 ITO 및 AZO 기판 상용화를 위해 ITO 및 AZO 기판 위에 ${\alpha}$-NPB, Alq3, LiF, Al 의 순서로 증착 및 패터닝함으로써 OLED 소자를 제작하였다. 전류밀도와 전압 그리고 발광휘도와 전압과 같은 전기적 특성은 spectrometer(minolta CS-1000A)를 이용하여 측정하였다.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-35
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to understand the sensory processing capacity and behavioral characteristics for preschoolers without disabilities, and to investigate the relationship between sensory processing skills and the behavioral characteristics. Methods : Mothers of preschoolers without disabilities between ages of 4 and 6 who attend Y kindergarten which is located in Busan, H kindergarten in Suwon, S kindergarten in Gimhae was participated. Mothers filled out the questionnaire at home from 4th to 14th of January in 2004. We used SSP(short sensory profile) which was used by Kim, Mi-Sun in 2001 to understand the sensory processing skills. We also used Behavior During Testing Checklist find their places in Miller Assessment for preschoolers to understand behavior characteristics. The results were analyzed with SPSS 10.0. Results : 1. Total incidents in sensory processing were 157 out of 190. Among sub items of the sensory processing, the mark of lower energy/weak was highest with 4.39 point and the mark of taste/smell sensitivity was lowest with 3.60 point. Total incidents in behavioral characteristics were 20 out of 24. Among the area of behavioral characteristics, the mark of sensory responses/threshold area was highest with 2.73 point and the mark of social interaction area was lowest with 2.29 point. 2. Children's total sensory processing capacity correlates with behavioral characteristics, the more sensory processing capacity, the more behavioral characteristics. Sensory processing point correlates with behavioral characteristics points except this item, reaction to separation from caretaker. Conclusions : We hope that the children who have behavioral characteristics with difficulties in sensory processing skills can be distinguished on the basis of this studying. Also, as we find and relieve early stage of the symptoms, following study which can present based to facilitate children's social development and improve the learning ability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.260-267
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• 2015

We investigated the applicability of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a plasticizer in enteric-coated soft capsules based on determination of quality characteristics according to molecular weight and concentration of enteric-coating PEG solution. There was no difference according to molecular weight of PEG, whereas a low PEG concentration in the enteric-coating solution was associated with higher whiteness index and slower disintegration time in pH 6.8 media. Brittleness was observed in the coating film at seam areas in 5% PEG enteric-coating solution after 2 weeks of storage at room temperature. The enteric-coating properties of PEG were compared with those of acetylated monoglyceride (AMG) and triacetin, which are enteric-coating plasticizers. Enteric-coated soft capsule containing PEG as a plasticizer showed a lower whiteness index and faster dissolution profile than AMG and triacetin. Moreover, enteric-coated soft capsule containing AMG and triacetin as plasticizers showed coating film brittleness at seam areas after 2 months of accelerated storage [$40^{\circ}C$, relative humidity (RH) 75%] but no difference at room temperature storage ($25^{\circ}C$, RH 60%). The present study suggests that concentration of PEG is important to determine enteric-coating quality, regardless of the molecular weight of PEG. In conclusion, PEG has potential as a plasticizer due to its transparency and storage stability in enteric-coated soft capsules.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.640-646
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• 2009

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are typical probiotic microbes that are used in various industries including fermented foods, feed additives, and pharmaceuticals. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of isoflavone biotransformation and antioxidative activity of 17 LAB. Six strains including the Lactobacillus species exhibited a 100% hydrolysis rate for daidzein during fermentation. The content of total genistein in soymilk fermented with these strains was $872-943\;{\mu}g/g$. The DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging ability of the LAB was widely variable and ranged from 23-78%. A selected strain was isolated from kimchi and the strain was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum ssp. through the API carbohydrate fermentation pattern and 16S rDNA profile. The strain exhibited excellent acid tolerance in an artificial gastric solution. L. plantarum YS712 showed high $\beta$-glucosidase activity in fermentation. The concentration of genistein and daidzein in soymilk fermented with L. plantarum YS712 increased from 3.64 to $917.3\;{\mu}g/g$ and from 58.18 to $1062.17\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of L. plantarum YS712 as a probiotic culture that can be utilized in the manufacturing of fermentation foods and dietary supplements.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

The present study was designed to explore the immunotoxic effects of orally administered aluminum (AI) on pregnant rats (n = 60) and their growing fetuses and consequently on the animal wealth. The animals were randomly allocated into three equal groups of 20 rats each. The first group has no treatment and kept as a control (G1). The second and third groups of pregnant rats were treated orally with aluminum chloride at 345 mg/Kg b.wt. The second group (G2) received the tested compound from the $6^{th}$ day of gestation to the end of weaning, whereas the third group (G3) received the tested compound from the $15^{th}$h day of gestation to the end of weaning. Control and treated animals (dams and offspring) were immunized ip with (0.5 ml) 20% sheep red blood cell (SRBC) suspension seven days before the end of experiments. At the end of exposure, ten dams and ten offspring from each group were used for assessment of cell-mediated immunity and a similar number of animals were sacrificed for evaluating the humoral immune response and serum protein profile. Aluminum chloride exposure of dams ($G_2&G_3$) caused significant suppression of both cell mediated and humoral immune responses in the obtained offsprings compared to the control group ($G_1$) without any significant effect on the immune responses of these dams. Moreover, the serum total globulins, albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio and gamma globulin fraction were significantly decreased in the treated dam's offsprings compared to the corresponding controls while the serum total protein and all serum protein fractions showed non significant difference between the control and treated dams and between the two treated dam groups themselves. There were no histopathological changes observed in thymus, spleen and liver of the control and treated dams. Thymus of treated dam's offsprings (G2) showed lymphoid depletion in both cortex and medulla. Their spleens showed lymphoid depletion in the white pulps and congestion with hemosiderosis in the red pulps. Liver of treated dam's offsprings showed dilation and congestion of its central vein with degenerative changes in the hepatocytes. These histopathological changes were more severe in G2 than in G3 offsprings. It can be concluded that gestational and/ or lactation exposure of pregnant dams to AI chloride caused suppression of both cellular and humoral immune responses of their offsprings.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a nitrosamine compound that can induce a variety of liver lesions including hepatic carcinoma, forming DNA-carcinogen adducts. In the present study, microarray analyses were performed with Affymetrix Murine Genome 430A Array in order to identify the gene-expression profiles for DEN and to provide valuable information for the evaluation of potential hepatotoxicity. C57BL/6NCrj mice were orally administered once with DEN at doses of 0, 3, 7 and 20 mg/kg. Liver from each animal was removed 2, 4, 8 and 24 hrs after the administration. The histopathological analysis and serum biochemical analysis showed no significant difference in DEN-treated groups compared to control group. Conversely, the principal component analysis (PCA) profiles demonstrated that a specific normal gene expression profile in control groups differed clearly from the expression profiles of DEN-treated groups. Within groups, a little variance was found between individuals. Student's t-test on the results obtained from triplicate hybridizations was performed to identify those genes with statistically significant changes in the expression. Statistical analysis revealed that 11 genes were significantly downregulated and 28 genes were upregulated in all three animals after 2 h treatment at 20 mg/kg. The upregulated group included genes encoding Gdf15, JunD1, and Mdm2, while the genes including Sox6, Shmt2, and SIc6a6 were largely down regulated. Hierarchical clustering of gene expression also allowed the identification of functionally related clusters that encode proteins related to metabolism, and MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, this study suggests that match with a toxicant signature can assign a putative mechanism of action to the test compound if is established a database containing response patterns to various toxic compounds.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.195-204
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• 2002

Mineralogy and the exposed surface area are two of the most important factors controlling dissolution and weathering rates of soils. The mixture of inorganic and organic materials of various size distributions and structures that constitute soils makes the calculation of weathering rates difficult. The surface area of soil minerals plays an important role in most of programs for calculating the weathering rates and critical loads. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurement is recommended for the measurement of specific surface area. However, BET values measured without organic matter removal are in fact those far all the N2-adsorbed surface areas, including the surfaces covered and aggregated with organisms. Surfaces occupied by organisms are assumed to be more reactive to weathering by organic activities. Therefore, the BET surface area difference before and after organic removal depicts the area occupied by organisms. The present study shows that the BET values after organic matter removal using $H_2$O$_2$ are larger than those without removal by 1.68~4.87 $m^2$/g. This implies that BET measurement without organic removal excludes the reactive area occupied by organisms and that the area occupied by organisms in soils is much larger than expected. It is suggested that specific surface area measurement for calculating weathering rates of mineral soils should be made before and after organic matter removal. The results of a column experiment are presented to demonstrate the potential retarding influence that this organic matter may have on mineral dissolution and weathering.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.269-273
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• 2010

The primary objective of this work is to find the optimal condition for the granule tablet formulation of alfuzosin-HCl that aims to achieve a sustained drug release. (Hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose (HPMC) is one of the most widely used polymer as a drug formulation and therefore has been utilized in this study as an excipient. Alfuzosin-HCl granule tablet was developed using the various viscosities of HPMC and the effects of viscosity on drug release was investigated. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to investigate the chemical structure and crystallization of alfuzosin-HCl in the formulation. We prepared the granule tablet by a direct compression method and studied the release profile in the stimulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8). As the viscosity of HPMC increased the release of alfuzosin-HCl decreased, demonstrating that controlled release of alfuzosin-HCl can be achieved by varying the viscosity of HPMC.