• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2022

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the disinfection of clinical ultrasound probes using the vapor fumigation method, which can quickly achieve high-level disinfection. Upon the inspection of the microbial contamination level of clinically used ultrasound probes, nine different types of bacteria were detected. The disinfection efficacy of 7.5% and 35% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was comparatively tested for the detected microbes. The 35% H₂O₂ demonstrated superior efficacy per disinfection duration. No significant change was observed in the rubber component of the ultrasound probes as a result of the 35% H₂O₂ disinfection treatment. The probes were contaminated with the microbes detected in the microbial contamination level inspection and subsequently disinfected using the novel medical disinfector that utilizes the vapor fumigation method. As a result, the disinfection using the novel device achieved 100% eradication of the microbes from the probes.This study demonstrates that the novel vapor fumigation method-based disinfector provides a faster and more powerful means of disinfection than the conventional disinfection methods. Therefore, the novel disinfector has the potential to be used as a convenient ultrasound probe disinfector in clinical settings.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.829-831
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• 2009

폐기물, 석탄 등 다양한 시료의 가스화 반응을 통해서 발생되는 합성가스는 CO, $H_2$, $CO_2$가 주성분으로 가스엔진, 가스터빈 등의 연료로 사용하여 발전하거나 합성반응을 통해 다양한 화학원료로의 전환이 가능하다. 또한 폐기물, 석탄 등의 다양한 원료의 가스화 반응에 의해 발생한 합성가스로부터 F-T(Fischer-Tropsch) 합성을 통한 인조합성석유, Non F-T 합성을 통한 메탄올, DME(Dimethyl Ether) 등을 제조할 수 있으며, 메탄화 반응을 통해 대체천연가스(SNG, Substitute Natural Gas)로 제조하여 활용하는 방안도 가능하다. 또한 현재 상업용 규모의 수소 제조 방법 중에서 가장 경제적인 방법으로 천연가스를 개질하여 CO, $H_2$가 주성분인 합성가스를 만든 다음 수성가스 전환, PSA(Pressure Swing Adsorption)통해 $CO_2$와 $H_2$를 분리하여 생산하고 있으나, 천연가스 가격의 상승 및 다양한 시료로부터 향후 경제성 확보가 가능한 수소 제조 방법에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 석탄 가스화 및 폐기물 가스화를 통해 얻어진 합성가스로부터의 수소 제조 공정이 개발 및 상업화 추진되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐기물 가스화를 통해 발생한 합성가스에 대하여 수성가스 전환 반응을 통한 수소 생산 특성 및 수성가스 전환 반응의 공간속도 변화 및 스팀주입량 변화에 따른 반응 특성을 고찰하였다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.336-345
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• 2020

Nickel-doped lanthanum cobalt oxide (LaCo_1-xNi_xO_3-δ, LCN) was investigated as an alternative anode material for solid oxide fuel cells. To improve its catalytic activity for steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction, Ni²⁺ was substituted into Co³⁺ lattice in LaCoO₃. LCN anode, synthesized using the Pechini method, reacts with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte at high temperatures to form an electrochemically inactive phase such as La₂Zr₂O₇. To minimize the interlayer by-products, the LCN was coated via a double-tape casting method on the Ni/YSZ anode as a catalytic functional layer. By increasing the Ni doping amount, oxygen vacancies in the LCN increased and the cell performance improved. CH₄ fuel decomposed to H₂ and CO via SMR reaction in the LCN functional layer. Hence, the LCN-coated Ni/YSZ anode exhibited better cell performance than the Ni/YSZ anode under H₂ and CH₄ fuels. LCN with 12 mol% of Ni (LCN12)-modified Ni/YSZ anode showed excellent long-term stability under H₂ and CH₄ conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.528-532
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• 2007

The generation of high-purity hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels is essential for efficient operation of fuel cell. In general, most feasible strategies to generate hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels consist of a reforming step to generate a mixture of $H_2$, CO, $CO_2$ and $H_2O$(steam) followed by water gas shift(WGS) and CO clean-up steps. The WGS reaction that shifts CO to $CO_2$ and simultaneously produces another mole of $H_2$ was carried out in a two-stage catalytic conversion process involving a high temperature shift(HTS) and a low temperature shift(LTS). In the WGS operation, gas emerges from the reformer is taken through a high temperature shift catalyst to reduce the CO concentration to about $3\sim4%$ followed to about 0.5% via a low temperature shift catalyst. The WGS reactor was designed and tested in this study to produce hydrogen-rich gas with CO to less than 0.5%.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.270-274
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• 1998

In order to enhance the availability of Korean loquat fruit, loquat juice was manufactured and its physicochemical characteristics are measured. The juice of raw fruit and pressed juice after blanching with steam that the pH, sugars, total acids and yields were 3.4, 3.6, and 8.5, 8.0 $^{\circ}$ Brix, and 0.36, 0.34%, and 53.2, 57.4% respectively. Four groups of juices were processed as followed. A ; juice of clarified after filteration, B ; pressed and filtered juice of raw fruit in refrigerated for 50 days, C ; clarified juice of heated at 90$^{\circ}C$ for 2 min., D ; clarified juice of blanched and pressed with raw fruit. Total acids, pH and sugars of A, B, C and D juices were 0.27, 0.35, 0.29 and 0.28%, and 3.80, 3.10, 3.68 and 3.71, and 7.5, 8.5, 8.0 and 8.2 $^{\circ}$Brix, respectively. Juice of B was higher total free sugar and organic acid than others. The chromaticity of D juice was stable than others. In the sensory test of loquat juice, that the product showed excellent result at 11 $^{\circ}$Brix and pH 3.78 when 4% of fructose and 0.05% of citric acid added.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.618-624
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• 2007

thermochemical methane reforming consisting of two steps on Cu/Fe/Zr mixed oxide media was carried out using a fixed bed infrared reactor. In the first step, the metal oxide was reduced with methane to produce CO, $H_2$ and the reduced metal oxide in the temperature of 1173 K. In the second step, the reduced metal oxide was re-oxidized with steam to produce $H_2$ and the metal oxide in the temperature of 973 K. The reaction characteristics on the added amounts of Cu in Cu/Fe/Zr mixed oxide media and the cyclic tests were evaluated. With the increase of the added amount of Cu in Cu/Fe/Zr mixed oxide media, the conversion of $CH_4$, the selectivity of $CO_2$ and the $H_2/CO$ molar ratio were increased, while the selectivity of CO was decreased in the first step. On the other hand, the evolved amount of $H_2$ was decreased with increasing the added amount of Cu in the second step. The $Cu_xFe_{3-x}O_4/ZrO_2$ medium added with Cu of x = 0.7 showed good regeneration properties in the 10th cyclic tests indicating that the medium had high durability. In addition, the gasification of the deposited carbon in the water splitting step was promoted with the addition of Cu in the media.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.130.2-130.2
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• 2010

2020년까지 대형 CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) Demo Plant 시장 (100MW 이상) 이 형성될 전망이다. 발전 부문에서 대규모 CCS 실증 프로젝트는 총 44개이며 연소전(41%), 연소후(28%), 순산소(3%) 프로젝트가 계획되어 있다. 순산소 연소 기술은 실증진입단계, 연소후(USC) 기술은 상용화 추진단계, 연소전 (IGCC) 기술은 실증완료 이후 상용화 진입 단계이다. IGCC 발전의 석탄가스화 기술은 타 산업분야에 서 상용화 되어있어 기술신뢰성이 높다. IGCC 단위설비 기술 개발을 통한 성능개선 및 비용절감에 대한 잠재력을 가지고 있기 때문에 미래의 석탄발전기술로 고려되고 있다. IGCC 기술은 가장 상용화에 앞서있지만 아직까지 IGCC+CCS 대형 설비가 운전된 사례가 전 세계적으로 없으며 미국 EPRI 등에서 Feasibility Study 단계이다. 현재 국책과제로 수행중인 300MW급 태안 IGCC 플랜트를 대상으로 향후 CCS 설비를 적용했을 경우에 대해 기술 타당성 검증을 목적으로 IGCC+CCS 모델링을 수행하였다. 모델링은 스크러버 후단의 합성 가스를 대상으로 하였다. Water Gas Shift Reaction (WGSR) 공정 및 Selexol 공정을 구성하여 최종 단에서 수소 연료를 생산할 수 있도록 하였다. WGSR 공정은 Co/Mo 촉매반응기로 구성되었다. WGSR 모델링을 통하여 주입되는 스팀량 (1~2 mol-steam/mol-CO) 및 온도 변화 ($220-550^{\circ}C$)에 따른 CO가스의 전환율을 분석하여 경제적인 설계조건을 선정하였다. Selexol 공정은 $H_2S$ Absorber, $H_2S$ Stripper, $CO_2$ Absorber, $CO_2$ Flash Drum으로 구성된다. Selexol 공정의 $CO_2$와 $H_2S$ 선택도를 분석 하였으며 단위 설비별 설계 조건을 예측하였다. 모델링 결과 59kg/s의 합성가스($137^{\circ}C$, 41bar, 가스 조성은 $CO_2$ 1.2%, CO 57.2%, $H_2$ 23.2%, $H_2S$ 0.02%)가 WGSR Process를 통해 98% CO가 $CO_2$ 로 전환되었다. Selexol 공정을 통해 $H_2S$ 제거율은 99.9%, $CO_2$제거율은 96.4%이었고 14.9kg/s의 $H_2$(86.9%) 연료를 얻었다. 모델링 결과는 신뢰성 검증을 통해 IGCC+CCS 전체 플랜트의 성능예측과 Feasibility Study를 위한 자료로 활용될 예정이다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.351-358
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• 1994

The spectrophotometric determination of trace selenium(Ⅳ) using its catalytic reaction has been studied in aqueous solutions. The catalytic reaction of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride with selenium(Ⅳ) in an acidic aqueous medium produces benzenediazonium ion which will be converted into a red-coloured azo dye by coupling with H-acid(8-amino-1-naphtol-3,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt). For the reaction, the experimental conditions such as amounts of the reagents and pH of the sample solutions were optimized. After 15 ml of the sample solution was treated with 1 ml of 0.1 M EDTA solution to mask $Fe^{3+}$, etc., 1 ml of 0.06 M phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, 1 ml of 0.02 M H-acid, and 3 ml of 0.3 M-$KClO_3$ were added into the solution, sequentially. The solution was adjusted to pH 1.4 with HCl. After it was heated in a steam bath for 30 minutes, the solution was cooled down to a room temperature and then diluted to 25 ml with deionized distilled water. A blank solution for the absorbance measurement was prepared from the deionized water. The absorbance was measured at 527 nm. Using the above procedure, the trace amount of selenium was determined in natural waters such as tap, river and pond waters by a standard curve method and recoveries of Se spiked to samples were also obtained. From the recoveries of 104 to 111%, it could be concluded that this method was applicable to the quantitative determination of ng/ml level of selenium in natural waters.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2017

The performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) could be deteriorated when fuel contains contaminants such as carbon monoxide (CO) or hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$). Generally, $H_2S$ is introduced in hydrogen by steam reforming of hydrocarbon which has mercaptan as odorant. $H_2S$ poisoning effect on PEMFC performance was examined on this study. Pure hydrogen injection, voltage cycling and water circulation methods were compared as performance recovery methods. The PEMFC performance was analyzed using electrochemical methods such as polarization curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Pure hydrogen injection and voltage cycling methods showed low recovery ratio, however, water circulation method showed high recovery ratio over 95%. Because anode was directly poisoned by $H_2S$, anode water circulation showed higher recovery ratio compared to the other methods. Water circulation method was developed to recover PEMFC performance from $H_2S$ poisoning. This method could contribute to PEMFC durability and commercialization.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.420-424
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• 2019

In SNG (synthetic natural gas) process by proposed RIST(Research Institute of Industrial Science & Technology)-IAE(Institute for Advanced Engineering) (including three adiabatic reactors and one isothermal reactor), the methanation reaction and water gas shift (WGS) reaction take place simultaneously, and the supply of steam with syngas might control the temperature in catalyst bed and deactivate the catalyst. In this study for development of SNG process, the characteristics of the methanation reaction with a Ni-based catalyst by prepared RIST and using a low $H_2/CO$ mole ratio (including $CO_2$ 22%) are evaluated. The operating conditions ($H_2O/CO$ ratio of the $1^{st}$ adiabatic reactor, operating temperature range of $4^{th}$ isothermal reactor, etc.) were reflected the results from previous studies and in the same condition a pilot scale SNG process is carried out. As a results, the pilot scale SNG process is stable and the CO conversion and $CH_4$ selectivity are 100% and 96.9%, respectively, while the maximum $CH_4$ productivity is $660ml/g_{cat}{\cdot}h$.