• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.79-87
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• 1989

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 앵커의 경사도(傾斜度)가 널말뚝의 거동(擧動)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 모형실험(模型實驗)의 결과(結果)로부터 분석(分析)한 것이다. 앵커 경사(傾斜)의 증가(增加)는 널말둑의 수직(垂直) 수평변위(水平變位), 앵커의 하중손실(荷重損失) 및 유지(維持)된 모래의 침하량(沈下量)에 크게 영향(影響)을 미치지만, 휨 모멘트의 크기에는 영향(影響)이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 널말뚝의 수직침하(垂直沈下)에 대한 부마찰력(負摩擦力)은 말뚝 길이의 0.71~0.80배(倍)인 굴착(掘鑿) 깊이에서의 강복점(降伏點)을 가진다. 굴착(掘鑿)으로 인한 토압(土壓) 재분포(再分布)는 soil arching 현상을 고려해야 하고, 토압(土壓)이 0인 지점(支點)은 기존의 자유단지설계방법(自由端支設計方法)에 의한 위치(位置)보다 약 20% 상부(上部)에 있고, 활동면(滑動面)과 최대주응력면(最大主應力面)이 이루는 각(角) $45^{\circ}+{\phi}/2$ 보다 크다는 것을 확인하였다.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.243-266
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• 2020

In-place analysis for offshore platforms is required to make proper design for new structures and true assessment for existing structures. In addition, ensure the structural integrity of platforms components under the maximum and minimum operating loads and environmental conditions. In-place analysis was carried out to verify the robustness and capability of structural members with all appurtenances to support the applied loads in either operating condition or storm conditions. A nonlinear finite element analysis is adopted for the platform structure above the seabed and the pile-soil interaction to estimate the in-place behavior of a typical fixed offshore platform. The SACS software is utilized to calculate the natural frequencies of the model and to obtain the response of platform joints according to in-place analysis then the stresses at selected members, as well as their nodal displacements. The directions of environmental loads and water depth variations have an important effect on the results of the in-place analysis behavior. The influence of the soil-structure interaction on the response of the jacket foundation predicts is necessary to estimate the loads of the offshore platform well and real simulation of offshore foundation for the in-place analysis. The result of the study shows that the in-place response investigation is quite crucial for safe design and operation of offshore platform against the variation of environmental loads.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.61-71
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• 1995

본 실험은 alum슬러지를 도시하수슬러지나 톱밥과 같은 유기물질들과 혼합하여 퇴비화를 하였을때 그 사용 가능성을 알아보고자 실행되었다. 톱밥과 제지슬러지를 같은 부피의 비율로 혼합한 후 alum슬러지를 이들 원료에 대해서 부피로 0%, 25%, 35%, 45%를 혼합하였다. 퇴비화장치는 aerated static pile을 사용하였으며, 화학분석과 미생물의 변화를 조사하여 부숙정도를 판정하였다. 퇴비화 과정중 0%와 25% alum 처리구는 30일 까지 온도가 $55^{\circ}C{\sim}68^{\circ}C$까지 급격히 상승하였으며 세균 및 방선균의 수가 급격히 증가하였으나, 35%와 45% alum 처리구의 온도는 $50^{\circ}C$ 이상 올라가지 않았다. 퇴비화 기간중 모든 처리구에서 탄소함량과 C/N율은 점차적으로 감소하였다. 양이온 치환용량(CEC) 은 0%, 25% alum 처리구에서 퇴비화 30일 동안 70me/100g까지 증가하였으나 다른 처리구에서는 약간 증가하거나 혹은 증가하지 않았다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.637-655
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• 2012

In this study, stochastic responses of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to the spatially varying earthquake ground motion are investigated by the finite element method taking into account soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects. The considered bridge in the analysis is Quincy Bay-view Bridge built on the Mississippi River in between 1983-1987 in Illinois, USA. The bridge is composed of two H-shaped concrete towers, double plane fan type cables and a composite concrete-steel girder deck. In order to determine the stochastic response of the bridge, a two-dimensional lumped masses model is considered. Incoherence, wave-passage and site response effects are taken into account for the spatially varying earthquake ground motion. Depending on variation in the earthquake motion, the response values of the cable-stayed bridge supported on firm, medium and soft foundation soil are obtained, separately. The effects of SSI on the stochastic response of the cable-stayed bridge are also investigated including foundation as a rigidly capped vertical pile groups. In this approach, piles closely grouped together beneath the towers are viewed as a single equivalent upright beam. The soil-pile interaction is linearly idealized as an upright beam on Winkler foundation model which is commonly used to study the response of single piles. A sufficient number of springs on the beam should be used along the length of the piles. The springs near the surface are usually the most important to characterize the response of the piles surrounded by the soil; thus a closer spacing may be used in that region. However, in generally springs are evenly spaced at about half the diameter of the pile. The results of the stochastic analysis with and without the SSI are compared each other while the bridge is under the sway of the spatially varying earthquake ground motion. Specifically, in case of rigid towers and soft soil condition, it is pointed out that the SSI should be significantly taken into account for the design of such bridges.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.383-393
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• 2024

Monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines embedded in soft clay are subjected to the long-term cyclic lateral loads induced by winds, currents, and waves, the vibration of monopile leads to the accumulation of pore pressure and cyclic strains in the soil in its vicinity, which poses a threat to the safety operation of monopile. The researchers mainly focused on the hysteretic stress-strain relationship of soft clay and kinds of stiffness degradation models have been adopted, which may consume considerable computing resources and is not applicable for the long-term bearing performance analysis of monopile. In this study, a modified cyclic stiffness degradation model considering the effect of plastic strain and pore pressure change has been proposed and validated by comparing with the triaxial test results. Subsequently, the effects of cyclic load ratio, pile aspect ratio, number of load cycles, and length to embedded depth ratio on the accumulated rotation angle and pore pressure are presented. The results indicate the number of load cycles can significantly affect the accumulated rotation angle of monopile, whereas the accumulated pore pressure distribution along the pile merely changes with pile diameter, embedded length, and the number of load cycles, the stiffness of monopile can be significantly weakened by decreasing the embedded depth ratio L/H of monopile. The stiffness degradation of soil is more significant in the passive earth pressure zone, in which soil liquefaction is likely to occur. Furthermore, the suitability of the "accumulated rotation angle" and "accumulated pore pressure" design criteria for determining the required cyclic load ratio are discussed.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2019

양돈분뇨는 퇴비화하여 이용할 경우 좋은 유기물 자원이 될 수 있으며, 양돈 분뇨를 효율적으로 이용하기 위한 많은 실험적 연구가 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 양돈분뇨를 톱밥과 혼합하여 여러 가지 퇴비화 조건에서 퇴비화 촉진정도를 실제 농가 현장에서 활용할 수 있도록 시험규모를 확대하여 수행하였다. 퇴비화 시험처리는 퇴비화기간 동안 공기를 송풍하지 않은 대조구와 퇴비화기간 동안 퇴비단 아래에서 공기를 송풍한 시험구로 구분하였다. 시험을 위한 퇴비단의 크기는 각각 $5m^3$로 조성하였다. 시험구 1 (EXP1)에는 돈분 $1m^3$당 100 L의 공기를 송풍하였으며, 시험구 2 (EXP2)에는 돈분 $1m^3$당 150 L의 공기를 송풍하였다. 공기공급량을 $1m^3$당 100 L, 150 L로 한 것은 현재 활용하고 있는 퇴비화시설 설계 규정에 가축분 $1m^3$당 150 L의 규모의 송풍 시설을 설치할 것을 권장하고 있으나 현장에서는 과다 송풍 우려가 발생하고 있기 때문에 이에 대한 검토가 필요하기 때문이었다. 퇴비화 발효기간은 4주로 하였으며, 퇴비화 시작 직후부터 매주 퇴비단의 샘플을 채취하여 물리 화학적 성분을 조사 분석 하였다. 퇴비단의 온도는 퇴비단 표면으로부터 약 40cm 지점에 온도센서를 설치하여 매 30분 간격으로 기록하였다. 발효온도를 분석한 결과 시험구에서는 공기를 송풍한 1~2일차에 최고온도 $67{\sim}75^{\circ}C$에 도달하였다. 이는 호열성 세균이 급격하게 증가 활동하였기 때문으로 판단되었다. 퇴비화기간 동안 수분함량, 총질소, EC의 값이 송풍발효가 완료된 4주차에 대조구에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 pH와 유기물 함량은 시험구에서 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 송풍발효가 끝난 4주차의 부숙정도를 평가하기 위하여 종자발아지수를 분석한 결과 대조구에서 23.49, 시험구 1이 68.50, 시험구 2가 51.81로 나타났다. 종자 발아지수로 평가한 퇴비의 부숙은 대조구에 비해 시험구에서 매우 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 양돈분뇨의 퇴비화시 외부로부터 가축분뇨 $1m^3$당 100~150 L/min의 공기를 공급하는 것이 퇴비의 부숙을 매우 빠르게 할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2018

In this slush pile, we introduce a new kind of variational inclusions problem stated as random extended generalized nonlinear variational inclusions for random fuzzy mappings. We construct an iterative scheme for the this variational inclusion problem and also discuss the existence of random solutions for the problem. Further, we show that the approximate solutions achieved by the generated scheme converge to the required solution of the problem.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.213-216
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• 2002

In this paper, flow patterns around two vertical cylinders were investigated numerically and experimentally Flow patterns between cylinders are very complex and interative. Changing gaps between cylinders the flow patterns are measured and numerically studied at a fixed comming velocity. The experiment has beeen conducted in circulating water channel with PIV system and manometer, and numerical analysis has been made by F.D.M. and multi block method. The results can be applied in the understanding and design of multiple pile array structures.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2007

This study has researched the management status and the pollution level of water, soil, stream sediments of 11 abandoned coal mines out of a total of 12 within Obong-Dam area except Bukyung mine, which was submerged when constructing Obong-Dam, and selected areas which are in needs to have pollution control facilities in the first place. From the results of examination on the runoff at the waste rock pile and mineheads, the runoff from Sueun mine (pH, Fe, Al), Samwon mine (pH, Al), Wangdo mine (pH, Al), Mose mine (pH, Fe, Al) and Daeryeong mine (pH) exceeded the permissible discharge standards of the water quality, but the water at merging point with Obong-Dam after joined with Doma branch satisfied both Water Quality Standards and Drinking Water Quality Standards. In regard to groundwater contamination, it is found that areas where exceeded the Drinking Water Quality Standards are Wangdo mine (pH), Jangjae mine (pH, Zn), Daeryeong mine (pH) whereas all areas satisfied Soil Contamination Warning Standards of Soil Environmental Conservation Law. When comparing a research result on underwater sediments of branches of abandoned mines to the EPA Guidelines for classification of great lakes harbor sediments, Dongguk Gaerim (Fe), Jungwon mine (Fe), Daebo mine (Mn), Samwon mine (Mn) and Daeryeong mine (Mn) showed mid-level of contamination, whereas Sueun (Fe, Mn), Daebo mine (Fe), Woosung mine (Fe, Mn), Wangdo mine (Fe, Mn), Mose mine (Fe) and Daeryeong mine (Fe) showed high-level of contamination. In addition, contamination levels of underwater sediments in Wangsan and Doma branch where abandoned mine's branches merge together, Wangsan branch showed no contamination at all whereas Doma branch shows mid-level of contamination which reflect the Doma branch is affected by waste rock pile and minehead runoff of the abandoned mines in the Doma branch area. It is concluded that Mose mine and Sueun mine required treatment of acid mine drainage. and Wangdo, Jungwon, and Samwon mines were in need of mine tailing and erosion control work. The Samwon mine additionally required a control system for closed minehead runoff. Although the Samwon mine reached a high concentration of Al, Mn $Ca^{2+}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in the runoff, the levels decreased after it was combined with a tributary. It has been concluded that after further monitoring of the cause of pollution, a preventive measure system may be needed to be built.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2020

흙막이 벽체의 해석 시 일반적으로 적용되는 2차원 해석의 경우 굴착 폭이 작으면 토압에 의한 상호간섭이 발생하며, 그 영향으로 굴착 폭이 작은 구간에서는 2차원 해석 시 흙막이 벽체의 수평변위에 대한 신뢰성 확보가 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2차원 해석 시 토압에 의한 상호간섭 발생의 범위가 되는 굴착 폭의 경계를 확인하기 위하여 H-pile 토류벽체에 대하여 점성토, 사질토, 사질토 및 풍화암의 지층조건에서 다양한 조건의 굴착 깊이(H)와 굴착 폭(B)에 대하여 2차원 및 3차원 유한요소해석을 수행하여 각 조건에 따른 굴착 폭과 수평변위의 관계를 연구하였다. 연구결과 수평 변위가 비교적 크게 발생하는 점성토에서만 굴착 폭에 따른 해석적 경계를 뚜렷하게 구분할 수 있었고, 그 내용은 굴착규모(B/H) 2.0 이하, 굴착 깊이 10m 이하에서 굴착 폭이 12m보다 작은 경우와 굴착 깊이 10m 이상에서 굴착 폭이 24m보다 작은 경우는 실제 거동과 유사한 3차원 유한요소해석을 하는 것이 합리적이며, 굴착규모(B/H) 2.0 이상, 굴착 깊이 10m 이하에서 굴착 폭이 12m보다 큰 경우와 굴착 깊이 10m 이상에서 굴착 폭이 24m보다 큰 경우는 2차원 유한요소해석을 하여도 무방하다는 결론을 얻었다.