• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.1374-1382
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• 2001

Fifteen Inner Mongolian wethers with permanent ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to study the effects of dietary rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) to rumen-degradable protein (RDP) ratios or protein sources on fiber digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and ruminal fluid characteristics. Fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary RUP to RDP ratios (from 1.54 to 0.72). Soybean meal supplementation improved ruminal digestion. Fish meal supplementation increased (p<0.05) the ruminal degradability of fiber. The different RUP to RDP ratios (from 1.54 to 0.72) did not influence (p>0.05) ruminal fluid pH, but there were differences (p<0.05) in ruminal fluid $NH_3-N$ concentration because of urea replacement. Soybean meal as a dietary protein source decreased (p<0.05) ruminal fluid pH and increased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) $NH_3-N$, acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations in the rumen. Fish meal as a dietary protein source decreased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) ruminal $NH_3-N$ and acetate concentrations and increased (p<0.05) ruminal propionate concentration. It can be concluded that dietary protein sources have more significant effect on fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation than different dietary RUP to RDP ratios, when the dietary crude protein requirements of growing sheep are satisfied.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.327-332
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• 1998

물비율에 따른 열무 물김치의 발효특성을 조사하기 위해 담금수의 비율을 1/1.14, l/l.5, 1/2, 1/2.75, 1/4로 각각 달리하고 발효숙성 온도를 4$^{\circ}C$, 15$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$로 조절하여 열무 물김치를 제조한 후 pH, 산도, 총 비타민C 함량, 미생물균수의 변화를 측정하였고 물비율이 관능적 특성에는 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 함께 살펴보았다. 위의 비율대로 열무 물김치를 제조했을 때, pH와 미생물 변화는 온도별, 시료별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고 산도는 온도와 상관없이 물비율이 작을수록 높게 나타났다. 총 비타민 C 함량도 물비율이 작을수록 높음을 알 수 있었다. 관능검사에서는 신냄새, 신맛, 새콤한 맛에서 시료간 차이를 보였는데 각각의 항목에서 물비율 1/1.14 시료가 다른 시료들과 유의적으로 강하게 나타났다. 전반적인 기호도면에서는 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 물비율 1/2가 가장 우수했으며 이어서 l/l.5, l/l.14, 1/2.75, l/4순으로 높게 나타났다. 또한, 총 비타민 C가 김치의 신맛과 풍미와 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.400-405
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• 2015

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to mix dental ceramic powder in varying ratios and evaluate the effect of the mixing ratio on color and translucency. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The ceramic powder of shade A3 of the same product was mixed with the shade A2 of three products: IPS e.max Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Vintage Halo (SHOFU Inc., Kyoto, Japan), and Ceramco 3 (Ceramco-Dentsply, Burlington, NJ, USA) in the following fixed ratios (0 wt%, 25 wt%, 50 wt%, 75 wt%, and 100 wt%) and then fired. A total of 150 specimen of ceramic fired were manufactured in a regular size (W: 8.5 mm, L: 10.5 mm, and H: 1.5 mm). For color and translucency, $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ were measured and Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for data analysis (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. The higher the mixing ratio was, $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ of IPS e.max Ceram were all increased, and $L^*$ of Vintage Halo was reduced and $a^*$ and $b^*$ were increased. $L^*$ and $a^*$ of Ceramco3 were reduced and $b^*$ of Ceramco3 was increased. Color difference (${\Delta}E^*ab$) was increased in all three products as the mixing ratio got higher. Increased mixing ratios resulted in decreased translucency parameter (TP) values for IPS e.max Ceram but increased TP values for Vintage Halo and Ceramco3. CONCLUSION. In this limited study, CIE $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ were influenced by the mixing ratio of the A3 powders and porcelain powder mixtures represented a various color and translucency.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2015

Organic wastes such as food waste (FW), livestock wastewater (LW), and sewage sludge (SWS) can produce hydrogen ($H_2$) by anaerobic acid fermentation. Expecially, FW which has high carbohydrate content produces $H_2$ and short chain fatty acids by indigenous $H_2$ producing microorganisms without adding inoculum, however $H_2$ production rate (HPR) and yield have to be improved to use a commercially available technology. In this study, LW was mixed to FW in different ratios (on chemical oxygen demand (COD) basis) as an auxiliary substrate. The mixture of FW and LW was pretreated at pH 2 using 6 N HCl for 12 h and then fermented at $37^{\circ}C$ for 28 h. HPR of FW, 254 mL $H_2/L/h$, was increased with the addition of LW, however, mixing ratio of LW to FW was reversely related to HPR, exhibiting HPR of 737, 733, 599, and 389 mL $H_2/L/h$ at the ratio of FW:LW=10:1, 10:2, 10:3, and 10:4 on COD basis, respectively. Maximum HPR and $H_2$ production yield of 737 $H_2/L/h$ and 1.74 mol $H_2/mol$ hexoseadded were obtained respectively at the ratio of FW:LW=10:1. Butyrate was the main organic acid produced and propionate was not detected throughout the experiment.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.160-164
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• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of washing food wastes before aerobic composting on temperature, pH and salinity, and the effects of washing after composting on salinity of sample mixtures. Weight ratios of food wastes to water in washing were 1:0(Control), 1:1(W-1), 1:2(W-2), 1:3(W-3) and 1:0(N-4), respectively. Ratios of food wastes to wood chips in reactor of Control, W-1, W-2, W-3 and N-1 were $5\;kg:0\iota,\;5\;kg:5\iota,\;5\;kg:5\iota,\;5\;kg:5\iota\;and\;5\;kg:5\iota$, respectively. Reactors were operated for 24 days with 1 hour stirring by 1 rpm and 2 hours of forced aeration per day. The increase in the ratio of water to food wastes resulted in the increase of the maximum reaction temperature and the shortening of the high temperature reaction period. The increase in the ratio of water to food wastes also resulted in faster reaching to the lowest pH and then to the steady state of pH 9.0. The final salinities of Control, N-1, W-1, W-2 and W-3 were $1.04\%,\;0.92\%,\;0.78\%,\;0.64\%\;and\;0.53\%$, respectively. The salinities of the N-l samples which were washed by the weight ratios (water:N-l) of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 after composting were $0.72\%,\;0.61\%\;and\;0.51\%$, respectively. Therefore, washing food wastes before aerobic composting is more efficient method than that after aerobic composting.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.618-624
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• 1998

This study was conducted to standardize ingredient ratios of wooung kimchi. The ingredient ratios of model wooung kimchiwere determined by the survey in Pusan and Kyungnam province and using the literatures including cooking books. Several kinds of wooung kimchi were prepared by adjusting the ingredient ratios fo the model wooung kimchi within standard deviation. The wooung kimchi with different ingredient ratios were fermented for 6 days at 15$^{\circ}C$. The chemical, microbial and sensory properties of the wooung kimchi were investigated. There was little change in pH but the counts of lactic acid bacteria were decreased, as the ratio of pickled anchovy juice became high. The wooung kimchi adding 9.4% pickled anchovy juice obtained high score in appearance and overall acceptability. The counts of lactic acid bacteria were increased in wooung kimchi adding 5% red pepper powder, and there was obtained better result in appearance, texture and overall acceptability than the other groups. The activity, reducing sugar and counts of lactic acid bacteria were increased, as the ratio of glutinous rice paste became high. The wooung kimchi including 6% glutinous rice paste showed the highest score in overall acceptability. The fermentation process of wooung kimchi accelerated, as the ratio of garlic became high. The wooung kimchi adding 3% garlic showed good appearance and acceptability. In addition to these, the addition of 1.3% ginger ehhanced the appearance, texture and overall acceptability fermented anchovy juice, 5.0% red pepper powder, 6.0% glutinous rice paste, 3.0% crushed garlic and 1.3% crushed ginger.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different mixing ratios of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis in diets on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and odor gas emissions of growing pigs. A total of four crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with average body weight (BW) of 41.2 ± 0.7 kg were randomly allotted four diets over four periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were as follows: Control (CON, basal diet), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L4S6, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 4:6 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L5S5, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 5:5 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L6S4, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 6:4 ratio). Dietary probiotic supplementation showed higher crude protein (CP) digestibility values and lower Escherichia coli counts in fecal samples than the CON group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in NH₃ or H₂S emission until day 3. The positive effect of H₂S and NH₃ emissions was detected earlier with the L4S6 and L5S5 compared to the L6S4, which had a lower ratio of B. subtilis. Both the L4S6 and L5S5 probiotic complexes significantly decreased the fecal H₂S and NH₃ emission in days 4 and 6 (p < 0.05). On day 7, all probiotic complexes decreased (p < 0.05) H₂S and NH₃ emissions than the CON group. Our results agreed that the dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis complexes in growing pigs can significantly improve CP digestibility and reduce fecal E. coli counts, NH₃ and H₂S emissions. Notably, the higher mixing ratio of Bacillus subtilis in probiotic supplementation is more effective in reducing the odor of manure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1591-1598
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• 2002

The effect of different dietary structural carbohydrate (SC) to nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) ratios on fiber degradation, digestion, flow, apparent digestibility and rumen fluid characteristics was studied with a design using 18 wethers fitted with permanent rumen and duodenum cannulae. All sheep were divided into six groups randomly, receiving six diets with varying SC to NSC ratios. All diets contained the same proportion of wheat straw and concentrate. The dietary SC to NSC ratios were adjusted by adding cornstarch to the concentrate supplements. The duodenal and fecal flows of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HC) and cellulose (CEL) were estimated using chromium-mordanted wheat straw as a flow marker. The degradation parameters of wheat straw DM, NDF, ADF, HC and CEL were determined by incubating the ground wheat straw in nylon bags in the rumen for different periods of time. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the different dietary SC to NSC ratios on rumen pH or $NH_3$-N, but acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations were significantly affected (p<0.05 or p<0.01) by dietary SC to NSC ratios in the rumen fluid. When the dietary SC to NSC ratio was 2.86, the highest rumen degradability of wheat straw DM, NDF, ADF and CEL was found, but the highest apparent rumen digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF, HC and CEL occurred at a 2.64 SC to NSC ratio. However, because of compensatory digestion in the hindgut, the apparent digestibilities of DM, NDF, ADF, HC and CEL were highest when the dietary SC to NSC ratio was 2.40. In conclusion, there is a optimal range of dietary SC to NSC ratios (between 2.86 and 2.40) that is beneficial to maximize wheat straw fiber degradation and apparent digestibility.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.56-61
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• 1983

전분질로부터 효모균체를 직접 생산하기 위하여 분리 동정된 전분이용성 효모, Sp, holsaticus FRI Y-5에 대한 배지의 탄소원과 질소원, P원, S원간의 영양균형에 대하여 실험하였다. C/P비와 C/S비가 각각 33.33과 100으로 일정할 때 비성장속도는 전분농도 67.5g/l, 그때의 C/N비가 100일 때 $0.178hr^{-1}$로 가장 빨랐으며, 최대균체량은 전분농도 90g/l C/N비가 50일 때 14g/l로 최대였다. 또한 균체수율은 전분농도 67.5g/l, C/N비가 50일 때 0.344로 가장 좋았고 균체생산속도는 전분농도 45g/l C/N비가 50일 때 0.113g/l h로 가장 빨랐다. 한편 C/P 비의 영향은, 전분농도 67.5g/l, C/N비 50, C/S비 100으로 일정할 때 균체수율과는 무관하나 비성장속도와 최대균체량은 C/P가 50일 때 각각 $0.165hi^{-1}$, 11.88g/l로 최대였다. 또한 C/S의 영향은, 전분농도 67.5g/l, C/N비 50, C/P비 33.33으로 일정할 때, 균체수율과 최대균체량은 거의 무관하나 비성장속도는 C/S비가 77.57일때 $0.157hr^{-1}$로 최대였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.367-380
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• 2009

This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of the flexural-torsional performance of high strength thin-walled composite members. A series of tests on composite members with various sectional aspect ratios subjected to eccentric cyclic loads were conducted. Test results show that the composite member's torsional strength could be approximated using a series of linear segments and evaluated using the superposition of the component steel and reinforced concrete responses. It is also validated from the tests that the strength deterioration of members subjected to combined loads is closely related to the aspect ratios of the sections. An interaction expression between the bending and torsion for high strength thin-walled composite members is proposed for engineering practice references.