• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.247-259
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• 2007

In this study, we examined the flux of carbon and water using an eco-hydrological model, Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys). Our purposes were to develop a set of parameters optimized for a well-designed experimental watershed (Gwangneung Research Watershed, GN) and then, to test suitability of the parameters for predicting carbon and water fluxes of other watershed with different regimes of climate, topography, and vegetation structure (i.e Gangseonry Watershed in Mt. Jumbong, GS). Field datasets of stream flow, soil water content (SWC), and wood biomass product (WBP) were utilized for model parameterization and validation. After laborious parameterization processes, RHESSys was validated with the field observations from the GN watershed. The parameter set identified at the GN watershed was then applied to the GS watershed in Mt. Jumbong, which resulted in good agreement for SWC but poor predictability for WBP. Our study showed that RHESSys simulated reliable SWC at the GS by adjusting site-specific porosity only. In contrast, vegetation productivity would require more rigorous site-specific parameterization and hence, further study is necessary to identify primary field ecophysiological variables for enhancing model parameterization and application to multiple watersheds.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 2016

The temporal variation of soil water storage is important in hydrological modeling. In order to evaluate an antecedent wetness state, the antecedent precipitation index (API) has been used. The aim of this article is to compare observed soil water storage with APIs calculated by widely used four equations, to configure the relationship between soil water storage and API by a regression model for one-year(2009), and to predict the soil water storage for the next two years(2010~2011). The soil water storage was evaluated from the observed soil moisture dataset in soil depths of 10, 30, 60cm at 21 locations by TDR measurement system for 3 years. As a result, API with the exponential function among the four equations can describe the variation of the observed soil water storage. Monthly optimized parameters of the API's equations seemed to be roughly related with the (potential) evapotranspiration (PET). Using revised monthly optimized parameters of APIs considering the seasonal pattern of PET, we characterize the relationship between API and the observed soil water storage for one year, which looks better than those of other researches.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.151-161
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• 2009

Configuration of soil hydraulic property is an essential component to understand the hydrological processes at the hillslope scale. In this study, we investigated temporal variations in pore development and soil hydraulic properties during the period from March to October in 2008. Characteristics for macropore flow and hydraulic conductivity were measured at two hillslopes: one is the hillslope located at the Buprunsa in Sulmachun watershed, and the other is the hillslope located in Gwangneung Research Forest. Vertical fluxes through macropore were measured using a tension infiltrometer at the depth of surface. The saturated hydraulic conductivities in March, June, July and September were relatively high compared to those in May and October. Temporal variations in several soil hydraulic features could be explained by the differences in vegetation activity and soil moisture content determined by antecedent precipitation. Particularly, the features of macropores had a substantial impact on hydraulic conductivity in the forest hillslope. The temporal nonuniformity of the soil hydraulic properties observed in this study manifests the dynamic features of hydrological processes in the hillslope scale and the experimental results will be useful to understand the internal hydrological processes in the mountainous hillslope.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.184-195
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• 2022

The invasive alien species Brassica tournefortii Gouan (Brassicaceae) is herein reported for the first time in Korea, from Gunsan-si, Gochang-gun, and Jeju-si. Brassica tournefortii can easily be distinguished from B. juncea and B. napus by its dense stiff hairs at the base of the stem and leaves, basally and distally branched stems, partially dehiscent fruits, and seeds that become mucilaginous in the presence of moisture. Although some taxonomists have classified this species as belonging to Coincya Rouy based on its fruit and seed characteristics, the existence of one vein on the fruit valves and our maximum likelihood analysis using internal transcribed spacer sequences placed it in Brassica. Distribution data, photographs, and a description of B. tournefortii are presented herein. Moreover, potential changes in the distribution of B. tournefortii were predicted under different climate scenarios, but our analysis showed that the probability of the spreading of this species is low. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring is necessary for an accurate assessment. The results of the present study can be used to conduct an invasion risk assessment and can assist with the effective management of this invasive alien species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2014

This study examined the change in carbon (C) storage of soil, forest floor and coarse woody debris (CWD) for different thinning intensities in Pinus densiflora stands 4 years after the treatment. Two study stands were located in Jeongseon (Stand 1) and Gwangneung Experiment Forest (Stand 2). Three plots for different thinning intensities based on stand density were established at each stand in 2008; control plot (0%), T20 plot (20%) and T30 plot (30%) in Stand 1 and control plot (0%), T39 plot (39%) and T74 plot (74%) in Stand 2, respectively. The C storage of soil (0-50 cm), forest floor and CWD was measured in 2012. Total C storage of T30 plot ($109.80t{\cdot}C{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) was significantly higher than that of control plot ($86.69t{\cdot}C{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) in Stand 1. In stand 2, total C storage of T74 plot ($97.02t{\cdot}C{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) was significantly higher than that of control plot ($72.04t{\cdot}C{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) and T39 plot ($63.25t{\cdot}C{\cdot}ha^{-1}$). Total C storage of the heaviest thinned plot was the highest in each study stand. Since this study examined initial effects of thinning on C storage of soil, forest floor and CWD, further studies would be necessary to evaluate the long-term effects.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2018

A variety of micro meteorological variables such as air temperature, wind, solar radiation and latent heat at Gwangneung forests (conifer and broadleaved forests) and AWS (Automated Weather Station) of Pocheon urban area were used to quantify the air temperature reduction effect of forests, which is considered to be an eco-friendly solution for reducing the urban heat island intensity during summer. In June, July and August of 2016 and 2017, the average maximum air temperature differences between above and below canopy of forests, and between the forests and urban areas were $-1.9^{\circ}C$ and $-3.4^{\circ}C$ respectively, and they occurred at 17:00. However, there was no difference between conifer and broadleaved forests. The effect of air temperature reduction by the forests was positively correlated with accumulated evapotranspiration and solar radiation from 14:00 to 17:00 and showed a negative correlation with wind speed. We have developed a model to quantify the effect of air temperature reduction by forests using these variables. The nighttime air temperature reduction effect by forests was due to the generation of cold air from radiative cooling and the air temperature inversion phenomenon that occurs when the generated cold air moves down the side of mountain. The model was evaluated in Seoul by using 28 AWSs. The evaluation shows that the air temperature of each district in Seoul was negatively correlated with the area and size of the surrounding tall vegetation that drives vegetation evapotranspiration during the day. During the night, however, the size of the surrounding tall vegetation and the elevations of nearby mountains were the main influencing factors on the air temperature. Our research emphasizes the importance of the establishment and management of urban forests and the composition of wind roads from mountains for urban air temperature reduction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.791-798
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• 2009

The role of forest and soil carbon under global climate change is getting important as a carbon sink and it is necessary to research on applicable forest models as well as in the field for a study of these dynamics. On this study, historical annual litter dataset as a major input data for the forest soil carbon model, Yasso was established using a dendrochronological reconstruction method, and the soil carbon dynamics of a Pinus densiflora forest in Gwangneung, Korea was simulated using Yasso. The amount of litter (needle, branch, stem and fine root) production, which was estimated using the dendrochronological method, has increased continuously from 1971 to 2006. Furthermore, there was no significant error between estimated and measured values of litter production (needle and branch) in 2006. The average of simulated soil carbon stock up to 30 cm depth was $46.30{\pm}4.28tCha^{-1}$, which accounted for 53% of carbon stock in trees of the forest, and had no significant difference and error with measured soil carbon stock. Under the climate change trend in Korea according to IPCC A1B scenario, it was estimated that the simulated soil carbon stock in the region would increase continuously from 1971 to 2041 and then decreased until 2100. Compared to the result of the scenario that there is no climate change, the soil carbon stock could be decreased up to 7.58% at 2100. It was inferred the dendrochronological reconstruction method and simulation of Yasso model are useful to estimate soil carbon dynamics of the natural P. densiflora forest. Follow-up researches, such as improvement of the dendrochronological method and Yasso model and their application and validation in various environment, are needed to produce more reliable results.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2010

In this study, we evaluated the performance of Korea Land Data Assimilation System (KLDAS) for the estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) by comparing the modeled against the observed ET at Gwangneung deciduous forest of KoFlux site (GDK) from 2006 to 2008. Although the magnitudes of ET by KLDAS overestimated the observed ET, the seasonal patterns of KLDAS ET were comparable with the correlation coefficient of 0.78. The difference between the KLDAS ET and the observed ET was larger in spring and summer due to rapid plant growth and frequent rainfalls with high cloud cover, respectively. Compared to the ET estimated by NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) with $0.25^{\circ}$ and $1^{\circ}$ resolution, the ET by KLDAS with 10 km resolution showed better agreement with the observation at the GDK site. Albeit further improvement is necessary, our results suggest that KLADS can be used as a practical tool to map ET and to examine its spatiotemporal variability over the Korean Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.400-412
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• 2023

In this study, the biogeochemistry management (BGC-MAN) model was applied to North and South Korea pine and oak forest stands to evaluate the Net Primary Productivity (NPP), an indicator of forest ecosystem productivity. For meteorological information, historical records and East Asian climate scenario data of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) were used. For vegetation information, pine (Pinus densiflora) and oak(Quercus spp.) forest stands were selected at the Gwangneung and Seolmacheon in South Korea and Sariwon, Sohung, Haeju, Jongju, and Wonsan, which are known to have tree nurseries in North Korea. Among the biophysical information, we used the elevation model for topographic data such as longitude, altitude, and slope direction, and the global soil database for soil data. For management factors, we considered the destruction of forests in North and South Korea due to the Korean War in 1950 and the subsequent reforestation process. The overall mean value of simulated NPP from 1991 to 2100 was 5.17 Mg C ha^-1, with a range of 3.30-8.19 Mg C ha^-1. In addition, increased variability in climate scenarios resulted in variations in forest productivity, with a notable decline in the growth of pine forests. The applicability of the BGC-MAN model to the Korean Peninsula was examined at a time when the ecosystem process-based models were becoming increasingly important due to climate change. In this study, the data on the effects of climate change disturbances on forest ecosystems that was analyzed was limited; therefore, future modeling methods should be improved to simulate more precise ecosystem changes across the Korean Peninsula through process-based models.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.233-245
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• 2014

Nighttime correction of $CO_2$ flux is one of the most important and challenging tasks in eddy covariance measurements over a complex mountainous terrain. In this study, we have scrutinized the quality and the credibility of the $CO_2$ flux datasets which were produced by employing three different methods of nighttime correction, i.e., (1) friction velocity ($u^*$) correction, (2) light response curve (LRC) correction, and (3) advection-based van Gorsel (VG) correction. The whole year datasets used in our analysis were collected at the two KoFlux tower sites (i.e., GDK deciduous forest site at the upper hill and GCK coniferous forest site at the lower hill) located in the valley of Gwangneung National Arboretum in central Korea. The resultant magnitudes and patterns of ecosystem respiration ($R_E$), gross primary productivity (GPP), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of $CO_2$ showed marked differences among the datasets produced with three different correction methods, which were also site-specific. The examination from micrometeorological and ecological perspectives suggests that the major cause of some inconsistency seems to be associated with the advection of $CO_2$ along the sloping terrain and the inappropriate selection of the correction data that might have been already affected by advective flows. The comparison with the results from other studies indicated that the overall characteristics of the corrected $CO_2$ fluxes at GDK and GCK (except those with LRC correction) were well within the ranges reported in the literature for various ecosystems in East Asia in similar latitudes. However, our study also implies that there will be always a room for further improvement in the present datasets. Therefore, caution must be exercised for the data users in order to properly use the updated version of datasets through transparent, open and participatory communication with data producers.