• Development and Reproduction
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2011

Ethanol treatment during the brain growth spurt period has been known to induce the death of Purkinje cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in triggering ethanol-induced Purkinje cell death are, however, largely unresolved. We undertook TUNEL staining, western blotting assay and immunohistochemistry for the cleaved forms of caspase-3 and -9, with calbindin D28K double immunostaining to identify apoptotic Purkinje cells. The possibility of ROS-induced Purkinje cell death was immunohistochemically determined by using anti-8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a specific cellular marker for oxidative damage. The results show that Purkinje cell death of PD 5 rat cerebellum following ethanol administration is mediated by the activation of caspase-3 and -9. However, unexpectedly, TUNEL staining did not reveal any positive Purkinje cells while there were some TUNEL-positive cells in the internal and external granular layer. 8-OHdG was detected in the Purkinje cell layers at 8 h, peaked at 12-24 h, but not at 30 h post-ethanol treatment. No 8-0HdG immunoreactive cells were detected in the internal and external granular layer. The lobule specific 8-OHdG staining patterns following ethanol exposure are consistent with that of ethanol-induced Purkinje cell loss. Thus, we suggest that ethanol-induced Purkinje cell death may not occur by the classical apoptotic pathway and oxidative damage is involved in ethanol-induced Purkinje cell death in the developing cerebellum.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2005

Ethanol has long been implicated in triggering apoptotic neurodegeneration. We examined the effects of ethanol on the rat brain during synaptogenesis when a spurt in brain growth occurs. This period corresponds to the first 2 postnatal weeks in rats and is very sensitive to ethanol exposure. Ethanol was administered subcutaneously to 7-day- postnatal rat pups by a dosing regimen of 3 g/kg at 0 h and again at 2 h. Blood ethanol levels peaked ($677{\pm}16.4mg/dl$) at 4 h after the first ethanol administration. The cerebral cortexes of the ethanol-treated group showed several typical symptoms of apoptosis such as chromosome condensation and disintegration of cell bodies. Activated caspase-3 positive cells were found in the cortex within 2 h of the first injection, and reached a peak at 12 h. In addition, TUNEL staining revealed DNA fragmentation in the same regions. These results demonstrate that acute ethanol administration causes neuronal cell death via a caspase-3-dependent pathway within 24 h, suggesting that activation of caspase-3 is a marker of the developmental neurotoxicity of ethanol.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2001

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effective role of living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) on posttransplant linear growth in children. Methods: Thirty six children were enrolled who received LRLT at Asan Medical Center from December, 1994 to February, 1999 and showed more than one-year postoperative survival. Mean height standard deviation score (zH) was analyzed according to medical records including heights during pretransplant and posttransplant follow-up periods. Results: zH of total children showed significant linear growth after LRLT from -1.58 to 0.33 at 24 posttransplant month (p<0.05). zH in children under 6 years of age, to exclude the effect of adolescent linear growth spurt, showed increment in height (p<0.05). Linear growth of children with liver cirrhosis improved and that with fulminant hepatitis was matained same. While stunted children (mean zH=-2.30) achieved good catch-up growth after transplantation, children with normal growth remained same. Children with significant hepatic dysfunction after LRLT such as chronic rejection or posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder showed retarded posttrasplant linear growth. There was no statistical difference according to the type of immunosuppressants. Conclusion: LRLT resulted in adequate or catch-up linear growth in children with acute, chronic and metabolic liver disease. Successful LRLT suggested to be a promising option not only in long term survival but also in normal linear growth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2008

Purpose : The serum levels of total insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 reflect endogenous growth hormone (GH) secretion in healthy children. Free form of IGF-I which is suggested to have more potent biological action than complex form of IGF-I. The aim of this study is to investigate the serum levels of free IGF-I and its clinical value in healthy children. Methods : Serum levels of total IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were determined in 494 healthy children (248 boys and 246 girls) by RIA and IRMA. Serum level of free IGF-I was determined in 206 healthy children (103 boys and 103 girls) by IRMA. Results : The free IGF-I level increased with age in both sex. The free IGF-I level increased continuously between 7 and 15 years of age in boys, but decrement was noted after 14 years of age in girls. Serum total IGF-I level also increased with age in similar pattern of that of free IGF-I. There were no significant differences of mean values of the ratio of free IGF-I/total IGF-I in relation to age in both sex. And there were significant correlations between the level of free IGF-I and total IGF-I and the ratio of total IGF-I/IGFBP-3, respectively. Conclusion : In healthy children, serum free IGF-I increased with age in both sex and high free IGF-I level may play an important role in pubertal growth spurt. Our results suggest that the increased serum free IGF-I level in puberty may reflect changes in total IGF-I rather than IGFBP-3. But free IGF-I does not have more clinical value than total IGF-I because of no significant differences of mean values of the ratio of free IGF-I/total IGF-I in relation to age.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1999

Based on literature, status and role of the NP in America was reviewed. The process of developing NP program in America suggests us many things. In America, nurse practitioners have sustained a mutually beneficial status with their patients for over thirty years. Excel fence in academic education and clinical training will enable nurse practitioners to continue to provide quality health care. The magnitude changes in the health care system of the United States, the challange of providing real access of health care continues. Lack of access to adequate primary care was the driving force in the initial 1965 Federal Involvement in developing the NP role. In 1993 President Bill Clinton's health care reform initiative provided policy support for NPs as primary care providers. The Institute of Medicine explicitly recognized NPs as an integral part of the primary care team. In addition, several national reports recognized NPs as affordable, accessible, high-quality care providers. The recent passage of direct Medicare reimbursement for NPs reflected public policy statements coincided with and likely contributed to a growth spurt in the NP workforce. From 1965 to 1977 NP programs offered traditional primary care clinical tracks(adult, family, woman's health, and pediatrics) for relatively small clusters of students in a variety of institutional settings. From 1978 to 1990 these educational programs were incorporated into graduate schools of nursing. By 1990 the majority of NPs received educational preparation in master's-level nursing programs. A new emphases was placed on postmaster's NP programs designed for master's prepared clinical nurse specialists and nurse managers. he the health care system shifted hospital nursing resources toward community-based care, these master's -level nurses sought additional NP preparation. NP educational programs are defined as the educational structure in which one or more NP clinical tracks are offered. NP clinical tracks, in turn, offer curriculum and supervised clinical experiences that match standards in specific practice areas such as family(FNP), adult(AUP), geriatrics(GNP), pediatrics(PNP), women's health (WHNP), neonatal (NNP), and acute care(ACNP). There were indications that NP practice was expanding into new clinical areas as evidenced by new types of tracks, particularly in acute care and psychiatry. The increase in acute care NP students likely reflects the increased demand from hospitals and other acute care settings. In Korea, change of nurse's role into nurse practitioner's role may have many difficulties. The need of health consumer, policy support of government, approval of medical care team are all essential component. Every nursing personnel make effort to planning the new health care delivery system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 1990

This study was attempted to assess the effects of a long term regular sex education on the knowledge about anatomy and physiology of human reproductive organs and the attitude toward sex of second grade high school girls. The study population included 1,678 high school girls(542 educated second grade girls, 972 not educated second grade girls and 164 pre-educated first grade girls) attending in 3 high schools located in Kyungnam province. The data was collected by guestionnaire to assess knowledge of sexual anatomy and physiology and the attitude toward sex from 21 to 24 December 1988. The results were as follows: Most of students (educated group 99.3%, not educated group 98.1%) agreed to necessity of sex education. Among students 70.8% did not talk about their sexual problems with their parents and 30.1% of educated group obtained spxual knowledge from their teachers. There were significant differences between level of knowledge on anatomy and physiology of reproductive organs, secondary growth spurt, V D, pregnancy and contraceptives of educated group and not educated group (P < 0.01). There was significant difference between positive attitude about sexual intercourse before marriage, artificial abortion and family planning slogan of educated group and not educat.ed group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). There were significant differences between degree of agreement about acquaintance with the other sex, knowledge of acquaintance with the other sex, talk freely with friend, parent and teacher of educated group and not educated group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Statistics revealed that high school girls of not educated group had less knowledge about acquaintance with the other sex than educated group (P < 0.01).

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.369-379
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• 1993

The bone mineral density(BMD) of the lumbar spine (L2-L4) was measured by using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry(Norland XR26 DEXA) in 80 children aged between 2months and 15years (group 1 : 2month-1years, group 2 : 1year-5years, group 3 : 6years-10years, group 4 : 11years-15years). The correlation coefficient of BMD with age, body weight, height and Tanner stage were 0.696, 0.693, 0.717 and 0.636 respectively. There were significant difference in BMD($g/cm^2$) between group 1(BMD : $0.335{\pm}0.175$) and group 2(BMD : $0.627{\pm}0.200$). and group 3(BMD : $0.714{\pm}0.189$) and group 4(BMD : $0.873{\pm}0.163$)(P<0.05). There was no significant difference of BMD between boys and girls(P<0.05). BMD also increased significantly with development of Tanner stages(Tanner stage 1 : $0.547{\pm}0.234$, Tanner stage 2 : $0.783{\pm}0.136$, Tanner stage 3 : $0.998{\pm}0.080$ )(P<0.05). These data indicate that the BMD was correlated with age, body weight, height and Tanner stage significantly and BMD increased significantly during growth spurt occured in 1 to 4years of age and puberty.