• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2021

In this study, an analytical method was developed for estradiol-17��, testosterone, and progesterone, which are growth promoters as veterinary drug residues in animal food. The analytes were separated using liquid chromatography, and was injected into a mass spectrometer through the electrospray ionization(ESI) process and detected in multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. As the method was validated by CODEX CAC/GL 71-2009 guideline, it met the acceptable. The analysis of beef, pork, and chicken distributed in Korea was conducted with an established method to confirm the applicability of the actual sample. It was confirmed that the developed method can be quickly and reliably in the analysis for the growth promoters identified in domestic distributed livestock products. Through subsequent research, a highly utilized analysis method will be completed if the number of growth promoters is expanded based on the method and the simultaneous analytical method is established by including all of it.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1490-1495
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• 2006

The purpose of this research was to develop an optimum composition model for a new synbiotic fermented dairy product with high probiotic cell counts, and to experimentally verify this model. The optimum composition model indicated the growth promoter ratio that could provide the highest growth rate for probiotics in this fermented product. Different levels of growth promoters were first blended with milk to improve the growth rates of probiotics, and the optimum composition model was determined. The probiotic viabilities and chemical properties were analyzed for the samples made using the optimal formula. The optimal combination of the growth promoters for the synbiotic fermented milk product was 1.12% peptides, 3% fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and 1.87% isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO). A product manufactured according to the formula of the optimum model was analyzed, showing that the model was effective in improving the viability of both Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 2020

This study examined the prevalence of adherence factors, toxin genes, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and resistance genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from piglets with diarrhea before and after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in Korea from 2007 to 2018. In this period, pathogenic 474 E. coli isolates were obtained from diarrheic piglets. The virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes were assayed using a polymerase chain reaction, and the susceptibility to antibiotics was tested according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. After the ban on AGPs, the frequency of F4 (12.5% to 32.7%) increased significantly, and LT (31.9% to 20.3%) and EAST-I (46.5% to 35.2%) decreased significantly. In addition, the resistance to streptomycin (45.8% to 67.9%), cephalothin (34.0% to 59.4%), and cefazlin (10.4% to 28.8%) increased significantly. Colistin resistance plasmid-mediated genes, mcr-1 and mcr-3, were detected after the ban on AGPs. The results of this study can provide useful data for analyzing the impact of the ban on AGPs on the virulence profiles and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from piglets with diarrhea in Korea.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.237-243
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• 2006

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neuromodulator of nociceptive responses in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord. BDNF synthesis increases in response to nerve growth factor (NGF) in trkA-expressing small and medium-sized DRG neurons after inflammation. Previously we demonstrated differential activation of multiple BDNF promoters in the DRG following peripheral nerve injury and inflammation. Using reporter constructs containing individual promoter regions, we investigated the effect of NGF on the multiple BDNF promoters, and the signaling pathway by which NGF activates these promoters in PC12 cells. Although all the promoters were activated 2.4-7.1-fold by NGF treatment, promoter IV gave the greatest induction. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, SB203580, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitor, LY294003, protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, chelerythrine, had no effect on activation of promoter IV by NGF. However, activation was completely abolished by the MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitors, U0126 and PD98059. In addition, these inhibitors blocked NGF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2. Taken together, these results suggest that the ERK1/2 pathway activates BDNF promoter IV in response to NGF independently of NGF-activated signaling pathways involving PKA and PKC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1007-1014
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• 2007

Acceptance of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in agricultural animal production is rapidly disappearing. Both government regulations and consumer preference are driving this change. Producers in any country that seek export markets will be forced to give up AGP if they are to sell to the EU and many other markets. This report will first review the history of AGP use in the animal industry and the concerns about development of antimicrobial resistance. A description of the development and structure of the gut and how it is affected by AGP administration will conclude with results of studies to replace AGP with antimicrobial organic acids.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2021

Droughts are one of the abiotic stresses that hinders the growth and productivity of crop plants. Coping with abiotic stress is necessary to understand the molecular regulatory networks that makes plants respond to adverse environmental conditions. In our experiment to find a combination that can cope with abiotic stress (respond to drought), we screened 5 stress-inducible promoters that are expressed only under stress conditions. This founded 36 cis-elements in stress-inducible promoters. With the result we designed 2 synthetic promoters (BL1, BL2) for fine-controlled regulation by assembling cis-elements from the native promoters, which are expressed only under stress caused by droughts. Analysis of the transgenic plant (BL1-GUS, BL2-GUS) showed that the synthetic promoters increased the expression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) in transgenic plants under desiccation. Also in the transient activation assay demonstrated that synthetic promoters induced the co-transformation of effector DREB1A and DREB2C. These results expect that the synthetic promoter with a combination of drought-specific elements can be used to respond to various abiotic stress and is resistant to stress without causing growth retardation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.146-155
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• 1993

A DNA fragment from an alkali-tolerent Bacillus sp., conferring strong promoter activity, was subcloned into the promoter probe plasmid pPL703 and the nucleotide sequence of this promoter region was determined. The sequence analysis suggested that this highly efficient promoter region containing the complex clustered promoters comprised three kinds of promoters (P1, P2 and P3), which are transcribed by $\sigma^B (formerly \sigma^{37}), \sigma^E(formerly \sigma^{29}) and \sigma^A (formerly \sigma^{43})$ RNA polymerase holoenzymes which play major rules at the onset of endospore formation, during sporulation and at the vegetative phase of growth, respectively. S1 nuclease mapping experiments showed that all three promoters had staggered transcription initiation points. The results of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay after the subcloning experiments also indicated that the expression of these clustered promoters was correlated with the programs of growth and endospore development. Promoter P1, P2 and P3 were preceded by 75% AT, 79% AT and 81% AT regions, respectively, and a partial deletion of AT-rich region prevented transcription from promoter P1 in vivo. Two sets of 5 -AGTGTT-3 sequences and inverted repeat sequences located around the promoter P1 were speculated as the possible cis acting sites for the catabolite repression in B. subtilis. In vivo transcripts from these sequence regions may be able to form a secondary structure, however, the possibility that a regulatory protein induced by the excess amount of glucose could be bound to such a domain for crucial action remains to be determined.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.343-347
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• 1988

The promoters of alkali-tolerant Bacillus sp. had been cloned in the promoter probe vector pPL703 and recombinant plasmid p-12 had been constructed. As a result of subcloning, two different promoters were found to exist in the cloned 2.9 kb promoter fragment and two recombinant plasmids p-l2B1 and p-l2B2, each harboring different promoter, were constructed. The promoter activity, which was expressed in the CAT specific activity, of p-l2B1 was 7 times higher than that of p-l2B2. The promoter activity as a function of growth revealed that both promoters of p-l2B1 and p-l2B2 were expressed after the late logarithmic growth phase and repressed in the presence of 1.0％ (w/v) glucose.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1975

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate physiologically the cause of the hastening germination of dormant Taxus cuspidata seeds by stratification. During the stratification the exchange of chemical substances such as sugar, protein, starch and fat were observed, and growth promoting and inhibiting substances were extracted and seperated from seeds by the conventional chromatographic method with coleoptile straight-growth test. An intensive investigation was made on the balance between the promoters and inhibitors. consequently, it was confirmed that germination of seeds was accelerated with exchange of chemical substances by stratification. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: 1. During the stratification growth promoters were increased and growth inhibitors were decreased rapidly in the endosperm of seeds. Thus, it was presumed that hastening germination was controlled by balace between the promoters and inhibitors from November to next March after a year's stratification. On the other hand growth promoters were almost constant and growth inhibitors were decreased rapidly in the seed coats, and it was presumed that hastening germination was influenced by exchange of inhibitors more than by that of promoters. 2. As a results of germination test of lettuce seeds, it was generalized that hastening germination was controlled by a decreased amount of growth inhibitors more than by an increased amount of promoters. 3. During the stratification sugar and crude protein contents were increased gradully with moisture content, while starch and crude fat were decreased in endosperm of seeds. So it was assumed that the exchange of these chemical substances was closely related to the germination of seeds.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2009

The goal of this study was to create a novel baculovirus expression system that does not require recombinant virus purification steps. Transfection of insect cells with transfer vectors containing barnase under control of the Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) promoters ORF3004 or ORF3005 reduced cell growth. Co-transfection with bApGOZA DNA yielded no recombinant viruses and nonrecombinant backgrounds. To further investigate the detrimental effects of barnase on insect cells, two recombinant bacmids harboring the barnase gene under control of the CpBV promoters, namely bAcFast-3004ProBarnase and bAcFast-3005ProBarnase, were constructed. While no viral replication was observed when only the recombinant bacmids were transfected, recombinant viruses were generated when the bacmids were co-transfected with the transfer vector, pAcUWPolh, through substitution of the barnase gene with the native polyhedrin gene by homologous recombination. Moreover, no non-recombinant backgrounds were detected from unpurified recombinant stocks using PCR analysis. These results indicate that CpBV promoters can be used to improve baculovirus expression vectors by means of lethal gene expression under the control of these promoters.