• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권12호
• /
• pp.1885-1895
• /
• 2020

Vitamins and minerals categorized as micronutrients are the essential components of animal feed for maintaining health and improving immunity. Micronutrients are important bioactive molecules and cofactors of enzymes as well. Besides being cofactors for enzymes, some vitamins such as the fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin A and D have been shown to exhibit hormone-like functions. Although they are required in small amount, they play an influential role in the proper functioning of a number of enzymes which are involved in many metabolic, biochemical and physiological processes that contribute to growth, production and health. Micronutrients can potentially have a positive impact on bone health, preventing bone loss and fractures, decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation. Thus, micronutrients must be provided to livestock in optimal concentrations and according to requirements that change during the rapid growth and development of the animal and the production cycle. The supply of nutrients to the animal body not only depends on the amount of the nutrient in a food, but also on its bioavailability. The bioavailability of these micronutrients is affected by several factors. Therefore, several technologies such as nanoparticle, encapsulation, and chelation have been developed to improve the bioavailability of micronutrients associated with bone health. The intention of this review is to provide an updated overview of the importance of micronutrients on bone health and methods applied to improve their bioavailability.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제41권12호
• /
• pp.1024-1032
• /
• 2018

The central mechanisms coordinating growth and sexual maturation are well conserved across invertebrates and vertebrates. Although mutations in the gene encoding makorin RING finger protein 3 (mkrn3) are associated with central precocious puberty in humans, a causal relationship has not been elucidated. Here, we examined the role of mkrn1, a Drosophila ortholog of mammalian makorin genes, in the regulation of developmental timing. Loss of MKRN1 in $mkrn1^{exS}$ prolonged the $3^{rd}$ instar stage and delayed the onset of pupariation, resulting in bigger size pupae. MKRN1 was expressed in the prothoracic gland, where the steroid hormone ecdysone is produced. Furthermore, $mkrn1^{exS}$ larvae exhibited reduced mRNA levels of phantom, which encodes ecdysone-synthesizing enzyme and E74, which is a down-stream target of ecdysone. Collectively, these results indicate that MKRN1 fine-tunes developmental timing and sexual maturation by affecting ecdysone synthesis in Drosophila. Moreover, our study supports the notion that malfunction of makorin gene family member, mkrn3 dysregulates the timing of puberty in mammals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권11호
• /
• pp.1685-1690
• /
• 2018

Objective: The pituitary specific transcription factor-1 (Pit-1) gene is responsible for pituitary development and growth hormone expression and is regarded as a pivotal candidate gene for growth and production in chickens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of Pit-1 polymorphisms with growth and feed efficiency traits in yellow meat-type chickens. Methods: In the present study, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Pit-1 were selected and genotyped by high-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in 724 meat-type chickens. Results: Association analysis showed that rs13687126 of Pit-1 was strongly associated with body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) (p<0.05), and that rs13687128 was significantly correlated with body weight at 70 days of age (BW70), BWG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05). SNP rs13905622 was strongly related to BW70 and FCR (p<0.05). Furthermore, birds with the GG genotype of rs13687126 had larger BWG and FI than those with the AG genotype (p<0.05). Individuals with the TT genotype of rs13687128 were significantly higher BW70 and BWG than those of the CT and CC genotype, while FCR was just the opposite (p<0.05). For rs13905622, the AA chickens showed strongly larger BW70 and lower FCR compared with the AT and TT chickens (p<0.05). Additionally, an ACA haplotype based on rs13687126, rs13687128, and rs13905622 had significant effects on BW70 and FCR (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our studies thus provide crucial evidence for the relationship between polymorphisms of Pit-1 and growth and feed efficiency traits which may be useful for meat-type chicken breeding programs.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제24권12호
• /
• pp.1356-1363
• /
• 2014

28개의 아미노산으로 이루어져 있는 Ghrelin은 위 기저부의 X/A-유사 신경내분비 세포에서 주로 합성 분비되는 물질로 음식의 섭취나 비만, 에너지 항상성 등을 조절하는 역할을 하며, 이러한 Ghrelin 활성화는 수용체인 G-protein coupled growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a (GHS-R1a)와 결합을 통해 일어난다. 최근 보고된 자료에 따르면, ghrelin과 수용체는 위나 시상하부, 뇌하수체 등뿐만 아니라 T 세포나 단핵구 및 대식세포 등 면역 세포에서도 생성되며, 염증반응을 유도하는 사이토카인의 생성을 억제하는 역할을 한다. 또한 흉선의 퇴화 등 면역기관에 있어서도 중요한 호르몬으로 보고되고 있지만 그 기전이나 기능에 대한 연구가 아직 미미한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 흉선에서 T 세포의 성숙이나 세포활성을 억제하는 물질로 알려져 있는 덱사메타손(Dexamethasone; DEX)으로 세포사멸을 유도시킨 흉선세포에 ghrelin을 처리하여 세포사멸 억제효과를 알아보았다. 그 결과 Ghrelin은 세포사멸에 중요 단백질인 Caspase-3와 PARP 및 Bim의 활성화가 in vivo 및 in vitro 모두에서 효과적으로 저해됨을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이러한 세포사멸의 억제효과는 ghrelin을 처리할 경우 DEX에 의해 활성화된 Glucocorticoid 수용체(GR)의 인산화의 억제와 HSP90 등과 복합체를 이루고 있는 GR이 활성화되면서 분해되는 과정을 억제시켜 결과적으로 핵 안으로 이동하는 과정을 억제하는 기전을 통해 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과 등을 통해 볼 때, ghrelin은 약물이나 체내 생리적 스트레스 등으로 인해 발생하는 흉선 내 면역세포들의 세포사멸에 도움을 줄 것으로 사료되며, 나아가 이로 인한 흉선위축을 보호할 수 있는 치료 후보물질로서의 연구를 기대할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.363-369
• /
• 2003

목 적 : 본 연구는 저신장 소아 중 성장호르몬 약물자극검사에서는 정상반응을 나타낸 특발성 저신장 소아들을 대상으로 야간의 수면 양상과 성장호르몬 분비가 정상 신장의 아동과 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 성장호르몬 약물자극검사에서 정상반응을 보인 신장이 3 백분위수 이하인 특발성 저신장 아동 12명과 정상 신장 아동 9명을 대상으로 30분 간격으로 야간수면 동안의 자발적 성장호르몬 분비를 측정하고 동시에 polysomnography로 수면양상을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 야간 수면 중 분비된 성장호르몬의 평균농도는 저신장 아동군이 정상 아동군에 비해 유의하게 낮았으며($2.8{\pm}0.2 ng/mL$ vs $4.7{\pm}0.6 ng/mL$), 특히 수면개시 후 서파 수면과 동반되는 성장호르몬 최대 분비치가 저신장 아동군이 낮았다. 2) 수면 중 성장호르몬 농도가 5 ng/mL 이상인 성장호르몬 분비 최대치의 횟수는 각각 $4.1{\pm}0.5$회, $5.8{\pm}0.6$회로 저신장군이 유의하게 적었다. 3) 전체 수면 시간에 대한 서파 수면 시간의 백분율도 저신장 아동군이 정상 아동군에 비해 감소되어 있었다($16.4{\pm}1.3%$ vs $20.8{\pm}1.2%$). 결 론 : 야간 수면 동안의 자발적인 성장호르몬 분비 검사가 약물자극검사에서 정상반응을 보이는 특발성 저신장 아동의 추가적인 진단에 도움을 줄 수 있으며 이들 저신장 아동에서 보이는 야간 성장호르몬 분비 감소는 수면구조의 차이와 일부 관련이 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.430-436
• /
• 2010

The objective of the present studies was to develop and validate a system for isolation, purification and extended culture of pigment-producing cells in alpaca skin (melanocytes) responsible for coat color and to determine the effect of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone treatment on mRNA expression for the melanocortin 1 receptor, a key gene involved in coat color regulation in other species. Skin punch biopsies were harvested from the dorsal region of 1-3 yr old alpacas and three different enzyme digestion methods were evaluated for effects on yield of viable cells and attachment in vitro. Greatest cell yields and attachment were obtained following dispersion with dispase II relative to trypsin and trypsin-EDTA treatment. Culture of cells in medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor, bovine pituitary extract, hydrocortisone, insulin, 12-O-tetradecanolphorbol-13-acetate and cholera toxin yielded highly pure populations of melanocytes by passage 3 as confirmed by detection of tyrosinase activity and immunocytochemical localization of melanocyte markers including tyrosinase, S-100 and micropthalmia-associated transcription factor. Abundance of mRNA for tyrosinase, a key enzyme in melanocyte pigment production, was maintained through 10 passages showing preservation of melanocyte phenotypic characteristics with extended culture. To determine hormonal responsiveness of cultured melanocytes and investigate regulation of melanocortin 1 receptor expression, cultured melanocytes were treated with increasing concentrations of ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Treatment with ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone increased melanocortin receptor 1 mRNA in a dose dependent fashion. The results demonstrated culture of pure populations of alpaca melanocytes to 10 passages and illustrate the potential utility of such cells for studies of intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of genes controlling pigmentation and coat color in fiber-producing species.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.674-681
• /
• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, plasma parameters and LPS-induced immune response of weaned barrows after castration. In experiment 1, forty-eight weaned male piglets were used and fed maize and soybean meal diets supplemented with 0 (Control) or 2% L-Gln (Gln+) for 25 days. The results indicated that the Gln+ group tended to increase average daily gain compared to control in stages of days 7 to 14 and 0 to 25. The Gln+ had significantly better feed efficiency than the control group did during days 14 to 25 and 0 to 25. The plasma blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphatase contents of Gln+ group were higher than those of the control group on day 14 post-weaning. In experiment 2, sixteen weaned male piglets were injected with E. coli K88+ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 14 post-weaning. The results showed that the Gln+ group had lower concentrations of plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol than the control group on day 14 pre-LPS challenge. In addition, Gln+ group had higher plasma IgG concentration than the control group for pre- or post-LPS challenged on day 14 post-weaning. In summary, dietary supplementation of Gln was able to alleviate the stressful condition and inflammation associated with castration in weaned barrows, and to improve their immunity and growth performance in the early starter stage.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.224-230
• /
• 2010

Growth hormone (GH) is known as one of the main osmoregulators in euryhaline teleosts during seawater (SW) adaptation. Many of the physiological actions of GH are mediated through insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and the GH/IGF-I axis is associated with osmoregulation of fish during SW acclimation. However, little information is available on the response of fish IGF-II to hyperosmotic stress. Here we present the first cloned IGF-I and IGF-II cDNAs of marine medaka, Oryzias dancena, and an analysis of the molecular characteristics of the genes. The marine medaka IGF-I cDNA is 1,340 bp long with a 257-bp 5' untranslated region (UTR), a 528 bp 3' UTR, and a 555-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a propeptide of 184 amino acid (aa) residues. The full-length marine medaka IGF-II cDNA consists of a 639 bp ORF encoding 212 aa, a 109 bp 5' UTR, and a 416 bp 3' UTR. Homology comparison of the deduced aa sequences with other IGF-Is and IGF-IIs showed that these genes in marine medaka shared high structural homology with orthologs from other teleost as well as mammalian species, suggesting high conservation of IGFs throughout vertebrates. The IGF-I mRNA level increased following transfer of marine medaka from freshwater (FW) to SW, and the expression level was higher than that of the control group, which was maintained in FW. This significantly elevated IGF-I level was maintained throughout the experiment (14 days), suggesting that in marine medaka, IGF-I is deeply involved in the adaptation to abrupt salinity change. In contrast to IGF-I, the increased level of marine medaka IGF-II mRNA was only maintained for a short period, and quickly returned a level similar to that of the control group, suggesting that marine medaka IGF-II might be a gene that responds to acute stress or one that produces a supplemental protein to assist with the osmoregulatory function of IGF-I during an early phase of salinity change.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.51-56
• /
• 2002

러셀-실버 증후군(Russell-Silver syndrome)은 출생시 저신장, 편측성 비대칭과 성기관 발육의 다양성 및 그 외 cafe-aulait 반점, 만지증 등의 특징과 태아기부터 발현되는 성장지연을 보이는 질환이다. 이 신드롬과 관련된 안면 특징은 작고 삼각형의 얼굴과 짧은 안면고경, 구각부가 아래로 쳐진 입모양(shark's mouth) 작은 하악골과 흔히 좌우 비대칭이 있는 것이다. 현재까지 보고되고 있는 러셀-실버 증후군의 주요한 구강내 소견은 높은 구개궁(high-arched palate), 맹출 지연, 왜소치와 총생이다. 현재까지 세계적으로 약 150 증례가 보고되고 있으나 치의학적으로는 극히 드물다. 본 증례는 출생전 성장지연, 저신장, 저체중 등 임상소견을 통해 러셀-실버 증후군으로 진단받았고 성장호르몬 치료를 받았고, 현재 치료 중이다. 이 두 증례를 통해 러셀-실버 증후군의 구강내 특징을 보고하고, 관련 문헌을 고찰해 보고자 한다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제27권
• /
• pp.10.1-10.7
• /
• 2012

Objectives: In recent years, a number of structurally diverse Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been identified and these HDAC inhibitors induce growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed at investigating the antitumor activity of newly synthesized HDAC inhibitor, 3-(4-dimethylamino phenyl)-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide (IN-2001) using human breast cancer cells. Methods: We have synthesized a new HDAC inhibitor, IN-2001, and cell proliferation inhibition assay with this chemical in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Cell cycle analysis on MCF-7 cells treated with IN-2001 was carried out by flow cytometry and gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. Results: In MCF-7 cells IN-2001 showed remarkable anti-proliferative effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In MCF-7 cells, IN-2001 showed a more potent growth inhibitory effect than that of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. These growth inhibitory effects were related to the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. IN-2001 showed accumulation of cells at $G_2$/M phase and of the sub-$G_1$ population in a time-dependent manner, representing apoptotic cells. IN-2001-mediated cell cycle arrest was associated with HDAC inhibitor-mediated induction of CDK inhibitor expression. In MCF-7 cells, IN-2001 significantly increased $p21^{WAF1}$ expression. Conclusions: In summary, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) induced growth inhibition, possibly through modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as CDK inhibitors, and cyclins. Taken together, these results provide an insight into the utility of HDAC inhibitors as a novel chemotherapeutic regime for hormone-sensitive and insensitive breast cancer.