• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.433-447
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• 2023

There is a growing demand for the stability of existing dams due to abnormal climate and the aging of dams. Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) for reservoir or dam failure only consider a single rainfall event. Therefore, this study simulates dam failure caused by continuous rainfall events, and proposes the establishment of EAP by selecting the optimal shelters. We define a mega rainfall event scenario caused by continuous rainfall events with 500-year frequency in the Chungju Dam watershed and estimate the mega flood. The mega flood event scenario is divided into two cases: scenario A represents the flooding case caused by discharge release from a dam, while scenario B is the case of a dam break. As a result of flood inundation analysis, the flooded damage area by the scenario A is 50.06 km² and the area by the scenario B is 6.1 times of scenario A (307.45 km²). We select optimal shelters for each administrative region in the city of Chungju, which has the highest inundation rate in the urban area. Seven shelter evaluation indicators from domestic and foreign shelter selection criteria are chosen, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used to evaluate the alternatives. As a result of the optimal shelter selection, the six shelters are selected and five are schools. This study considers continuous rainfall events for inundation analysis and selection of optimal shelters. Also, the results of this study could be used as a reference for establishment of the EAP.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.83-105
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• 2023

A robot-friendly building certification system was established in 2022 to accommodate the growing number of service robots introduced into buildings. However, this system primarily targeted office buildings, with limitations in applying other functional architectures. To address this problem, we developed a certification model of a robot-friendly environment to extend the existing system to apartment complexes. Using focus group interviews and the analytic hierarchy process, we established 28 evaluating items categorized as (a) architecture and facility design, (b) networks and systems, (c) building operations management, and (d) support for robot activity and other services. These indicators were weighted based on their relative importance within and between categories, resulting in scores ranging from 1 to 18 points and a total of 176 points. According to evaluations with the 28 items, each apartment complex could be graded as "best," "excellent," or "general" based on its total achieved scores. This study is significant, as we present the world's first certification model of a robot-friendly environment for apartment complexes that considers human-robot interactions

• Information Systems Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.117-137
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• 2019

In the Big Data era, data science has become popular with the production of numerous data in various domains, and the power of data has become a competitive power. There is a growing interest in unstructured data, which accounts for more than 80% of the world's data. Along with the everyday use of social media, most of the unstructured data is in the form of text data and plays an important role in various areas such as marketing, finance, and distribution. However, text mining using social media is difficult to access and difficult to use compared to data mining using numerical data. Thus, this study aims to develop Korean Natural Language Application (KoALA) as an integrated application for easy and handy social media text mining without relying on programming language or high-level hardware or solution. KoALA is a specialized application for social media text mining. It is an integrated application that can analyze both Korean and English. KoALA handles the entire process from data collection to preprocessing, analysis and visualization. This paper describes the process of designing, implementing, and applying KoALA applications using the design science methodology. Lastly, we will discuss practical use of KoALA through a block-chain business case. Through this paper, we hope to popularize social media text mining and utilize it for practical and academic use in various domains.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.47-68
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• 2019

As cloud services and deployment models become diverse, there are a growing number of cloud computing selection options. Therefore, financial companies need a methodology to select the appropriated cloud for each financial computing system. This study adopted the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework to classify factors for the introduction of cloud computing in financial companies. Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the evaluation items are layered into the performance perspective and the cloud consideration factor and a comprehensive decision model is proposed. To verify the proposed research model, a system of financial company is divided into three: account, information, and channel system, and the result of decision making by both financial business experts and technology experts from two financial companies were collected. The result shows that some common factors are important in all systems, but most of the factors considered are very different from system to system. We expect that our methodology contributes to the spread of cloud computing adoption.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2024

ESG management has garnered significant recognition as a crucial concern across all global industries. Within the logistics sector, there is a growing awareness of the importance of ESG management. However, active engagement in ESG practices remains predominantly confined to large corporations, leaving small and medium-sized logistics companies lagging in their comprehension and implementation of ESG principles. Previous studies have consistently underscored the necessity of establishing ESG management guidelines. Furthermore, there has been a call to determine the relative weights assigned to various ESG implementation evaluation criteria, taking into account the distinctive attributes of each category of logistics company. This study endeavors to ascertain the weightings of ESG implementation evaluation items for different types of logistics companies by employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. The framework of evaluation is based on the evaluation items outlined in prior research, particularly focusing on ESG management guidelines tailored for small and medium-sized logistics companies. The findings of the analysis reveal distinct prioritizations across different sectors within the logistics industry. For maritime logistics companies, the environment emerges as the foremost concern, followed by society, information disclosure, and governance. Conversely, land transportation companies prioritize society, followed by governance, environment, and information disclosure. In the warehousing sector, environment takes precedence, followed by society, information disclosure, and governance. Comprehensive logistics firms, on the other hand, prioritize the environment, followed by information disclosure, society, and governance. Such guidelines are pertinent for regulatory bodies and industry stakeholders seeking to assess ESG practices within these enterprises. Moreover, this research contributes to the body of knowledge available to domestic small and medium-sized logistics companies, aiding them in effectively navigating and implementing ESG management principles.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1996

A hairy root clone of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, HRB-15 was cultured iu various conditions with 3 L bubble type bioreactor to enhance both growth and ginsenoside production. The hairy roots were more rapidly grown under the dark condition than under the light condition. However, total amount of ginsenoside of hairy roots cultured under the light for 30 days increased 2 folds as compared with the dark condition and was 1.10% based on 6 ginsenosides. Especially, ginsenoside-Re was significantly increased and some ginsenosides except for ginsenoside-Re was slightly reduced. Also, the growth of hairy roots decreased about 30% as compared with the dark condition. In contrast, addition of sodium acetate led to decreased production of ginsenoside and growth of hairy roots under light condition. The influence of potassium dihydrogenphosphate concentration was examined in MS medium and a 1.25 mM concentration was found to be the most appropriate for growth and ginsenoside production under light condition. Two-step process of hairy roots culture with yeast elicitation or without ammonia in culture medium was developed to enhance growth and giusenoside synthesis. $50\;\mu\textrm{g}$ of yeast elicitor per g of fresh weight showed a synergistic effect on the ginsenoside synthesis of hairy roots on 20 days after culture. At that time, the content of total ginsenoside was 1.15%, while the growth of hairy roots decreased 21 % as compared with the dark condition. In addition, when elimination of ammonia on 20 days after culture, the content of total ginsenoside was 1.26% with significant increment of ginsenoside-Rd (0.27%) in addition to ginsenoside-Re and the growth of hairy roots decreased 10% as compared with the dark condition. In this system, we have demonstrated a unique two-step process of hairy root cultures to maximize biomass and secondary metabolites. It has found possibility to enhance ginsenosides production by growing hairy roots in this method.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 2009

The standardization of marketing has been one of the most focused research topics in international marketing. The term "global marketing" was often used to mean an internationally standardized marketing strategy based on similarities between foreign markets. Marketing standardization was discussed only within the context of traditional physical marketplaces. Since then, the digital "marketspace" of the Internet had emerged in the 90's, and it became one of the most important drivers of the globalization process opening new opportunities for the standardization of global marketing activities. On the other hand, the opinion that a greater adoption of the Internet by customers may lead to a higher degree of customization and differentiation of products rather than standardization is also quite popular. Considering this disagreement, it is notable that comprehensive studies which focus upon the marketing standardization especially in the context of global e-commerce are missing to a high degree. On this background, the two basic research questions being addressed in this study are: (1) To what extent do companies standardize their marketing in international e-commerce? (2) Is there an impact of marketing standardization on the performance (or success) of these companies? Following research hypotheses were generated based upon literature review: H 1: Internationally engaged e-commerce firms show a growing readiness for marketing standardization. H 2: Marketing standardization exerts positive effects on the success of companies in international e-commerce. H 3: In international e-commerce, marketing mix standardization exerts a stronger positive effect on the economic as well as the non-economic success of companies than marketing process standardization. H 4: The higher the non-economic success in international e-commerce firms, the higher the economic success. The data for this research were obtained from a questionnaire survey conducted from February to April 2005. The international e-commerce companies of various industries in Germany and all subsidiaries or headquarters of foreign e-commerce companies based in Germany were included in the survey. 118 out of 801 companies responded to the questionnaire. For structural equation modelling (SEM), the Partial-Least. Squares (PLS) approach in the version PLS-Graph 3.0 was applied (Chin 1998a; 2001). All of four research hypotheses were supported by result of data analysis. The results show that companies engaged in international e-commerce standardize in particular brand name, web page design, product positioning, and the product program to a high degree. The companies intend to intensify their efforts for marketing mix standardization in the future. In addition they want to standardize their marketing processes also to a higher degree, especially within the range of information systems, corporate language and online marketing control procedures. In this study, marketing standardization exerts a positive overall impact on company performance in international e-commerce. Standardization of marketing mix exerts a stronger positive impact on the non-economic success than standardization of marketing processes, which in turn contributes slightly stronger to the economic success. Furthermore, our findings give clear support to the assumption that the non-economic success is highly relevant to the economic success of the firm in international e-commerce. The empirical findings indicate that marketing standardization is relevant to the companies' success in international e-commerce. But marketing mix and marketing process standardization contribute to the firms' economic and non-economic success in different ways. The findings indicate that companies do standardize numerous elements of their marketing mix on the Internet. This practice is in part contrary to the popular concept of a "differentiated standardization" which argues that some elements of the marketing mix should be adapted locally and others should be standardized internationally. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the overall standardization of marketing -rather than the standardization of one particular marketing mix element - is what brings about a positive overall impact on success.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1991

This study intends to provide some desirable suggestions for the development of application oriented mathematics curriculum. More specific objects of this study is: 1. To identify the meaning of application and modelling in mathematics curriculm. 2. To illuminate the historical background of and trends in application and modelling in the mathematics curricula. 3. To consider the reasons for including application and modelling in the mathematics curriculum. 4. To find out some implication for developing application oriented mathematics curriculum. The meaning of application and modelling is clarified as follows: If an arbitrary area of extra-mathematical reality is submitted to any kind of treatment which invovles mathematical concepts, methods, results, topics, we shall speak of the process of applying mathemtaics to that area. For the result of the process we shall use the term an application of mathematics. Certain objects, relations between them, and structures belonging to the area under consideration are selected and translated into mathemtaical objects, relation and structures, which are said to represent the original ones. Now, the concept of mathematical model is defined as the collection of mathematical objcets, . relations, structures, and so on, irrespective of what area is being represented by the model and how. And the full process of constructing a mathematical model of a given area is called as modelling, or model-building. During the last few decades an enormous extension of the use of mathemtaics in other disciplines has occurred. Nowadays the concept of a mathematical model is often used and interest has turned to the dynamic interaction between the real world and mathematics, to the process translating a real situation into a mathematical model and vice versa. The continued growing importance of mathematics in everyday practice has not been reflected to the same extent in the teaching and learning of mathematics in school. In particular the world-wide 'New Maths Movement' of the 19608 actually caused a reduction of the importance of application and modelling in mathematics teaching. Eventually, in the 1970s, there was a reaction to the excessive formallism of 'New Maths', and a return in many countries to the importance of application and connections to the reality in mathematics teaching. However, the main emphasis was put on mathematical models. Applicaton and modelling should be part of the mathematics curriculum in order to: 1. Convince students, who lacks visible relevance to their present and future lives, that mathematical activities are worthwhile, and motivate their studies. 2. Assist the acqusition and understanding of mathematical ideas, concepts, methods, theories and provide illustrations and interpretations of them. 3. Prepare students for being able to practice application and modelling as private individuals or as citizens, at present or in the future. 4. Foster in students the ability to utilise mathematics in complex situations. Of these four reasons the first is rather defensive, serving to protect or strengthen the position of mathematics, whereas the last three imply a positive interest in application and modelling for their own sake or for their capacity to improve mathematics teaching. Suggestions, recomendations and implications for developing application oriented mathematics curriculum were made as follows: 1. Many applications and modelling case studies suitable for various levels should be investigated and published for the teacher. 2. Mathematics education both for general and vocational students should encompass application and modelling activities, of a constructive as well as analytical and critical nature. 3. Application and modelling activities should. be introduced in mathematics curriculum through the interdisciplinary integrated approach. 4. What are the central ideas of, and what are less-important topics of application-oriented curriculum should be studied and selected. 5. For any mathematics teacher, application and modelling should form part of pre- and in-service education.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 2009

The concern of seriousness and harmful effects of environmental pollution is rising by the various water pollutions, appearances of new micro-noxious substances and increase of sustainable pollutants. The method is suggested that can effectively increase the removal of organic substances and several pollutants using a coagulation process. The experiment for characteristics of $ZrSiO_4$ (zirconium silicate) as a coagulation-aid was carried out for application to coagulation process with domestic wastewater and lake water, and the removal rate of the organic substances depending on a dosage was evaluated by PDA (Photometric Dispersion Analyzer) in this study. Zeta-potential of zirconium silicate solution was -32.22 mv at pH 7 and the lower negative(-) charge was detected in the more acidic conditions. Absorbance on $UV_{254}$ presented higher when zirconium silicate was added than in a domestic wastewater itself. Besides, the results by PDA experiment represented that injection of zirconium silicate could promote growing of floc. Tests for coagulation process were conducted by three ways which are pre-injection, co-injection and post-injection of zirconium silicate with alum. Accordingly, removal efficiency of organic substances increased over 15% in co-injection than in using of alum as a sole reagent. When a 20 mg/L of alum was used with a 10 mg/L of zirconium silicate, the removal efficiency was high up to 90%. Removal efficiency of $COD_{Cr}$ was improved more than 15% in case of dosage of coagulant either PAC (Poly aluminium chloride) or PACS (Poly aluminium chloride Silicate) together with zirconium silicate. As a result, the removal efficiency of $COD_{Cr}$ were 5~10% higher in a co-injection of zirconium silicate with a coagulant than a pre-injection and a post-injection but it of soluble substances was lower in a co-injection.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.206-211
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• 1983

This study was carried out to compare the feed utilization between pelleted and all-mash diet of similar composition by growing chickens. Day-old broilers (Hubbard) and egg-type chickens(Hy-line) of commercial strain were employed in this experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The chickens fed pelleted diets were heavier than those of birds fed all-mash diets. The Hubbard broilers and Hy-line chickens fed pelleted diets weighed 2,702g and 812g respectively, at 9 weeks of age. In comparison, the Hubbard broilers and Hy-line chickens fed all-mash diets weighed 2,571g and 777g respectively, at 9 weeks of age. 2. The pellet-fed chickens consumed more feeds than birds fed all-mash diets in both types of strain. Feed efficiencies (gain/feed) of Hubbard and Hy-line chickens were 0.38 and 0.26 in pellet feeding groups, and 0.36 and 0.25 in all-mash feeding groups, respectively. The Hy-line chickens fed pelleted diets drank more water than birds fed all-mash diets. 3. Pellet feeding groups produced more dry matter excreta as compared with all-mash feeding groups, reflecting the pattern of feed consumption by these chickens. Nitrogen retention ratio of the Hubbard and Hy-line chickens were 57-67% and 65-73%, respectively. Chickens fed pelleted diets showed 1-4% higher nitrogen retention than chickens fed all-mash diets. 4. The ME/GE ratio of the Hubbard and the Hy-line at 8 weeks of age were 73.4-74.3% and 82.8-83.8%, respectively. Pellet feeding groups showed 1% higher ME/GE ratio than all-mash feeding groups. 5. The dietary productive energy calculated from respiratory quotient was $94.1-102.6kca/kg^{\frac{3}{4}}$ BW/day in pellet feeding groups. The ratios of PE/GE were 41.3-48.9% in pellet feeding groups and 39.0-45.8% in all-mash feeding groups. 6. It appears that pelleting the all-mash diet increases feed consumption and body weight gain of growing chickens. Feed efficiency and energy utilization were also improved by pelleting process. More research work should be done to establish the relationship clearly between feed pelleting and heat increments.