• KSBB Journal
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2017

This study was undertaken to identify and characterize hemolytic Bacillus cereus isolated from commercial ssam-jang. The physiological and biochemical properties of isolate were first examined. Using the BIOLOG system, the isolate was identified and assigned to B. cereus MH-2. Phylogenetic tree of MH-2 was plotted based on 16S rRNA sequence comparisons. Hemolytic activity was observed around wells of sheep blood agar plates seeded with MH-2 cultures; the zone of hemolysis gradually increased with increasing incubation time of the cultures. Zymographic analysis estimated the molecular weight of the presumed hemolysis-causing molecule to be about 30 kDa. Survival rates of MH-2 cells decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations in the media. The stress shock proteins (e.g., DnaK and GroEL) induced by NaCl were reduced in proportion to the NaCl concentration and exposure period to B. cereus MH-2. Analysis of SDS-PAGE and Western blot revealed that the stress shock proteins, 70-kDa DnaK and 60-kDa GroEL were decreased proportionate to the NaCl concentrations as well as exposure period in exponentially growing cultures. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of perforations and irregular rod forms with wrinkled surfaces in cells treated with NaCl.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

Outbreaks from September 1999 to July 2000 of blackleg in 4 milking and fatting cattle farms in the vicinity of Munkyong(northwestern part of Gyeongbuk province) were investigated biochemical characteristics of isolates and were surveyed epidemiological works during the period of 2 months from August to September 2000. Clostridium chauvoei, the etiological agent of blackleg is a serious pathogen of cattle and sheep causing fever, depression and lameness with high mortality in growing phase of 6 to 18 months old mainly beef cattle. Biochemical and cultural properties of 4 isolated Cl chauvoei were identical to those of reported results and isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, bacitracin, chlorarnphenicol, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, norfloxacin, penicillin, and tetracycline, while they were resistant to amikacin, colistin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In the results of epidemiological survey, outbreak farms that concentrated region of milking or fatting cattle in each sites were so close contact within a radius of about 1km that they are separated only by wire fence or shrub harrier and flies, rodents, wild cats and birds could have the chance to move around between those farms. The origin of the outbreak blackleg were uncertain, but the transmission between farms were mainly through the movement of farm personnel, vehicles which were struck the feces or manures from farm and other mechanical factors such as flies, rodents and birds furthermore occurred 4 farms were not vaccinated. In conclusion, a periodic disinfection, vaccination and quarantine prevention are ideal methods of damage reduction by blackleg.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.692-696
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• 1998

An experiment was conducted with eight growing sheep (average initial weight 20.6 kg and average final weight 23.7 kg) in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to study the effect of type of forage supplementation to a basal diet of rice straw (ad libitum) and cassava (Manihot esculanta, approximately 9 g of dry matter $(DM).kg^{-0.75}{\cdot}day^{-1}$) on voluntary intake, digestion, rumen microbial protein synthesis and daily weight gain. Forages used were Leucaena (L, Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricidia (G, Gliricidia maculata) and Tithonia (T, Tithonia diversifolia, wild sunflower) at a DM supplementation level of approximately $13g.kg^{-0.75}.day^{-1}$. Organic matter intake was 40.4, 55.5, 55.0 and $54.9g{\cdot}kg.^{-0.75}{\cdot}day^{-1}$ for control (C, ad libitum straw and cassava), L, G and T. respectively, significantly lower for C than for the supplemented diets. Intake of supplementary forage had also a significantly positive effect on voluntary rice straw intake. All forage supplemented diets showed a significantly higher whole diet organic matter digestion than C ($488g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$), while T ($557g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) differed significantly from L ($516g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) but not from G ($526g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Daily weight gain was -1.7, 5.2, 5.4 and $4.7g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$, for C, L, G and T. respectively, significantly lower for C than for the forage-supplemented diets. Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives was lower for C (3.8 g microbial N. (kg digestible organic matter intake $(DOMI))^{-1}$ than for the forage supplemented diets (11.3, 9.0 and 9.4 g microbial $N.(kg\;DOMI)^{-1}$ for L, G and T. respectively).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.389-396
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• 1996

In the first of two experiments, liveweight gain responses and carcass characteristics were investigated using two breeds of growing male goats, local (Dhofari) and exotic (Cashmere), fed on a whole pelleted-high fiber date by-products' based diet at 32.5% level (As-fed) supplemented with 12% fish (sardine), (HF-Fish) and a commercial concentrate diet (conc.). The (HF-Fish) diet was formulated to be iso-nitrogenous to the (conc.) diet, supplying 14% CP (DM-basis). Both diets together with Rhodes grass hay (Chloris Guyana) were fed ad libitum. The experimental design was a complete random arranged in a $2{\times}2$ factorial with breeds and diets as the main factors, using six animals per treatment. The experiment lasted for 84 days and goats were penned individually. At the end of the feeding trial, three animals from each treatment group were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. In experiment 2, diets' digestibility and N-balance were determined using 3 sheep per diet. The (HF-Fish) diet significantly(p < 0.05) improved liveweight gain. There was also a significant difference(p < 0.01) between breeds, with Cashmere gaining more than local goats. Feed conversion efficiency, dressing percent and longissimus dorsi area were not significantly affected by diet or breed(p > 0.05). Digestibility of the proximate components and N-balance for both diets were similar and not significantly different(p > 0.05). Fish supplementation greatly improved the digestibility of CF, ADF, NDF, cellulose and hemicellulose. Meat production ost was decreased by 31% due to feeding of the (HF-Fish) diet.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.345-351
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• 2010

Toxoplasma gondii is a species of parasitic protozoa in the genus Toxoplasma. The definitive host of T. gondii is the cat, but the parasite can be carried by the vast majority of warm-blooded animals, including humans. It is often found in the tissues of food animals including pigs and sheep. To determine the regional prevalence of infection with T. gondii, bloods (n=300) from domestic pigs and tissues (n=200) from slaughter pigs in Gyeongnam province were tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of antibody and antigen. A total of 115 sero-positive pigs were identified for a prevalence rate of 38.3%. Of the 50 herds from domestic pigs tested, 34 had at least one sero-positive pig for a herd prevalence rate of 68.0%. Sero-positive rates of pigs in fattening farm were higher than that of pigs in breeding company. Sero-positive rates of sows were higher than that of growing pigs. Seasonally, sero-positive rates of pigs were highest in winter (80.0%) and lowest in spring (23.8%). According to farm size, sero-positive rates of pigs were higher in small size farms (${\leq}$2,000) than that of big size farms (>2,000). However, none of the bloods (n=300) from domestic pigs and tissues (n=200) from slaughter pigs were positive for T. gondii specific DNA by PCR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1425-1434
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• 2008

The study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of feed additives on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and performance of lambs fed diets containing 60% wet brewers grains (WBG). In Experiment 1, two simultaneous trials were conducted. Fifty intact ($20.2{\pm}0.8kg\;BW$) lambs were used in a feedlot trial and 10 (rumen cannulated; $32{\pm}1kg\;BW$) in a digestion trial. The pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N in lambs were also estimated. Lambs were randomly assigned to one of five diets: i) without additives (Con), ii) with 1% bicarbonate (Bic), iii) with 1% bentonite (Ben), iv) with 33 mg/kg monensin (Mon) and v) with 200 mg/kg fibrolityc enzymes (Enz). In Experiment 2, 120 RambouilletPelibuey intact male lambs ($19.5{\pm}1.5kg\;BW$) were used in a feedlot trial and randomly assigned to four diets: i) without additives (control), ii) with 1% Bic, iii) with 33 mg/kg Mon and iv) with 1% Bic and 33 mg/kg Mon. In Experiment 1, lambs fed diets containing Bic or Mon had significantly higher final weight, DMI, ADG than other lambs. However, apparent DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities and ruminal individual VFA content were similar (p>0.05) among treatments. Conversely, treatmentcollection period interaction was significant for ruminal pH and NH3. In Experiment 2, lambs fed diets containing a Bic and Mon combination had significantly higher final weight, DMI and ADG. It is concluded lambs fed Bic or Mon or Bic and Mon combination had better performance characteristics than lambs on Ben or Enz.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.395-398
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• 1991

Physiological reactions of 24 six months old (22.7 kg. body weight) Barki ram lambs, to hot summer conditions, as influenced by asbestos shading at Maryout area were studied. Animals (12 shaded and 12 Unshaded) developed hyperthermia during summer as their rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) were always higher (p<0.01) than normal. Asbestos shading caused higher (p<0.05) RT and RR ($39.5^{\circ}C$ and 69.9 r.p.m. vs. 39.2 and 45.7 r.p.m.) of rams at morning (6-8 a.m.) which became lower ($39.9^{\circ}C$ and 104.3 r.p.m. vs. $40.1^{\circ}C$ and 120.5 r.p.m.) in afternoon (2-4 p.m.) as compared to sun exposure. Shading also resulted in higher hematocrit value (PCV) (35.3% vs. 33.0%) and lower (p<0.05) daily weight gain (128.57 vs. 131.43 g). Diurnal (p<0.01) and monthly (p<0.05) RT and RR changes were closely associated with air temperature (AT) fluctuations. Monthly variation (p<0.05) in PCV was evident. Puberty was reached one month later in the shaded as compared to the unshaded group (265 vs. 232.3 day, respectively). It is concluded that asbestos shading prevents efficient heat dissipation to the sky by hyperthermic rams during summer nights. Construction materials for animal shelters are of extreme practical importance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.661-667
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of partial replacement of wheat hay with sun-dried (SOC) or acid-treated SOC (ASOC) olive cake on nutrient intake and performance of Awassi lambs. An additional objective was to study the effects of acid treatment of olive cake (OC) on its chemical composition and nutritive value. On DM basis, sun-drying of OC did not dramatically affect its chemical composition. On the other hand, treating SOC with phosphoric acid decreased (p<0.05) SOC contents of neutral detergent fiber. Twenty seven male lambs ($17.6{\pm}0.75$ kg body weight) individually housed in shaded pens were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (9 lambs/treatment). Dietary treatments were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous by replacing 50% of wheat hay in the control diet (CTL) with SOC or ASOC and to meet all nutrient requirements. Dietary treatments had no effects on nutrient intake or digestibility except for ether extract. Lambs fed the SOC diet had (p = 0.05) faster growth rate, greater final body weight, and greater total body weight gain in comparison with the CTL diet, but not different from the ASOC diet. Additionally, lambs fed the SOC diet had greater (p = 0.03) hot and cold carcass weights than the ASOC diet, but not different from the CTL diet. However, feed conversion ratios and dressing percentages were similar among dietary treatments. In conclusion, replacing half of dietary wheat hay with SOC improved performance of Awassi lambs with no detrimental effects on nutrients intake or digestibility. No further improvements in the nutritive value of SOC and lambs performance were detected when SOC was treated with acid.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.257-259
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• 2005

Although automated continuous-monitoring blood culture systems are both rapid and sensitive, false-positive and false-negative results still occur. The objective of this study, then, was to evaluate negative results occurring with BacT/Alert 3D blood culture systems. A total of 1032 samples were cultured with the BacT/Alert 3D automated blood culture system, using both aerobic (BPA) and anaerobic (BPN) media, and 128 of these samples yielded positive results. A total of 904 negative blood samples were then subcultured in $5\%$ sheep blood agar, eosin methylene blue, chocolate agar, and sabouraud-dextrose agar. Organisms growing on these subcultures were subsequently identified using both Vitek32 (bioMerieux, Durham, NC) and conventional methods. Twenty four $(2.6\%)$ of the 904 subcultures grew on the subculture media. The majority $(83.3\%)$ of these were determined to be gram-positive microorganisms. Fourteen $(58.3\%)$ were coagulase-negative staphylococci, two $(8.3\%)$ were Bacillus spp., one $(4.2\%)$ was Staphylococcus aureus, and one $(4.2\%)$ was identified as Enterococcus faecium. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria spp. were isolated together in two $(8.3\%)$ vials. Gram-negative microorganisms comprised $12.5\%$ of the subcultures, of which two $(8.3\%)$ were found to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one $(4.2\%)$ was Pseudomonas fluorescens. The other isolate $(4.2\%)$ was identified as Candida albicans. We conclude that the subculture of negative results is valuable in the BacT/Alert 3D system, especially in situations in which only one set of blood cultures is taken.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1706-1727
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• 2023

Under Water Sensor Networks (UWSN) has gained attraction among various communities for its potential applications like acoustic monitoring, 3D mapping, tsunami detection, oil spill monitoring, and target tracking. Unlike terrestrial sensor networks, it performs an acoustic mode of communication to carry out collaborative tasks. Typically, surface sink nodes are deployed for aggregating acoustic phenomena collected from the underwater sensors through the multi-hop path. In this context, UWSN is constrained by factors such as lower bandwidth, high propagation delay, and limited battery power. Also, the vulnerabilities to compromise the aquatic environment are in growing numbers. The paper proposes an Energy-Efficient standalone Intrusion Detection System (EEIDS) to entail the acoustic environment against malicious attacks and improve the network lifetime. In EEIDS, attributes such as node ID, residual energy, and depth value are verified for forwarding the data packets in a secured path and stabilizing the nodes' energy levels. Initially, for each node, three agents are modeled to perform the assigned responsibilities. For instance, ID agent verifies the node's authentication of the node, EN agent checks for the residual energy of the node, and D agent substantiates the depth value of each node. Next, the classification of normal and malevolent nodes is performed by determining the score for each node. Furthermore, the proposed system utilizes the sheep-flock heredity algorithm to validate the input attributes using the optimized probability values stored in the training dataset. This assists in finding out the best-fit motes in the UWSN. Significantly, the proposed system detects and isolates the malicious nodes with tampered credentials and nodes with lower residual energy in minimal time. The parameters such as the time taken for malicious node detection, network lifetime, energy consumption, and delivery ratio are investigated using simulation tools. Comparison results show that the proposed EEIDS outperforms the existing acoustic security systems.