• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-19
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• 1997

An experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of dietary supplementation of monensin or salinomycin on mineral utilization of growing goats. Six goats weighing 10.54 kg initially were randomly assigned to treatments in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Treatments were a basal diet, basal plus 30 ppm monensin and basal plus 20 ppm salinomycin on a DM basis. The basal diet was a mixture of Italian ryegrass wafer, soybean meal, ground maize and $CaCO_3$ with DM proportions of 50, 13.76, 36 and 0.24%, respectively. Each period lasted for 21 days, and the apparent absorption and retention of minerals were measured during the last 7 days of each period. Salinomycin supplementation improved NDF digestibility and plasma glucose. The apparent absorption and retention of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K were not influenced by the treatments. The concentrations of plasma Ca, P, Mg, Na, K and Cl were similar in all treatments. The ionophore supplementation had no significant effect on acid excretion. The results suggest that 30 ppm monensin or 20 ppm salinomycin supplementation is not effective in improving the utilization of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K in growing goats fed a diet composed of the 50% concentrate.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 1981

한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)에 대(對)한 단백질(蛋白質)의 요구량(要求量)을 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 생체종별(生體種別)로 단백질(蛋白質)의 급여수준(給與水準)에 차이(差異)를 두고 질소(窒素)의 축적율(蓄積率)을 측정(測定)하였고 혈청(血淸)의 단백질(蛋白質) 및 요소(尿素)의 함량(含量)을 조사(調査) 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. l. 생후(生後) 8개월령(個月令)의 생체중(生體重) 14kg의 빈산양(牝山羊)에 대(對)하여 무단백질사료(無蛋白質飼料)를 급여(給與)하여 측정(測定)한 내인성요질소량(內因性尿窒素量)은 1일(日) 평균(平均) 1.29g이었으며, 내인성(內因性) 분질소량(糞窒素量)은 1.27g이었다. 따라서 1일(日) 최소(最少) 단백질(蛋白質) 요구량(要求量)은 22g이다. 2. 기온(氣溫)이 영하(零下) $10^{\circ}C$이하(以下)로 하강(下降)할때는 단백질수준(蛋白質水準)을 20%로 급여(給與)하여도 질소축적율(窒素蓄積率)이 부(負)를 나타내므로 energy의 소모량(消耗量)이 많은 것으로 추측(推測)된다. 3. 생체중(生體重) 20kg의 임신(姙娠)한 빈산양(牝山羊)의 질소(窒素) 축적율(蓄積率)은 17~20%로서 성장중(成長中)인 산양(山羊)에 비(比)하여 낮았다. 4. 혈청(血淸)의 단백질(蛋白質) 및 요소함량(尿素含量)은 단백질(蛋白質) 급여수준(給與水準)의 저하(低下)에 따라서 현저(顯著)하게 저하(低下)되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1721-1725
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• 2012

A growth and digestibility study was conducted using Osmanabadi goat male kids by feeding complete diets in the form of mash or expander extruded pellets containing different levels of red gram (Cajanus cajan) straw (RGS). Two iso-nitrogenous complete diets were prepared by incorporating RGS at 35% and 50% levels. Half the quantity of each complete mash feed was then converted into pellets through expander extruder processing. Thirty two kids of 4 to 5 months age were divided into four groups of eight each and were fed for 150 d with four experimental diets (T1: mash with 35% RGS, T2: mash with 50% RGS, T3: pellets with 35% RGS and T4: pellets with 50% RGS). Pelleting of complete diets significantly (p<0.001) increased the voluntary feed intake (671.45 vs 426.28 g/d) at both levels of RGS in the feeds. Average daily gain (ADG, g/d) also increased significantly (p<0.001) from 48.79 in kids fed mash diet to 71.29 in those fed with pelleted diets. Feed conversion efficiency (dry matter (DM) intake: weight gain) was comparable among all the treatment groups. Digestibility of nutrients was not affected by pelleting of the feeds whereas, increasing the level of inclusion of RGS in feeds from 35% to 50% decreased (p<0.05) the digestibility of DM and crude protein (CP) resulting in lower (p<0.001) metabolizable energy (ME) content (MJ/kg DM) in feeds with 50% RGS (7.93 vs 8.75). Daily intake (MJ/kg $BW^{-0.75}$) of ME decreased (p<0.05) in feeds containing 50% RGS while pelleting of feeds increased (p<0.05) the intake of DM, CP, digestible crude protein (DCP) and ME. It is inferred that expander extruder pelleting can efficiently utilize RGS up to 50% level in complete diets for growing goat kids.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2014

The provided habitat of many services from natural capital is important. But because most ecosystem services tools qualitatively evaluated biodiversity or habitat quality, this study quantitatively analyzed those aspects using the species distribution model (MaxEnt). This study used location point data of the goat(Naemorhedus caudatus), marten(Martes flavigula), leopard cat(Prionailurus bengalensis), flying squirrel(Pteromys volans aluco) and otter(Lutra lutra) from the 3rd National Ecosystem Survey. Input data utilized DEM, landcover classification maps, Forest-types map and digital topographic maps. This study generated the MaxEnt model, randomly setting 70% of the presences as training data, with the remaining 30% used as test data, and ran five cross-validated replicates for each model. The threshold indicating maximum training sensitivity plus specificity was considered as a more robust approach, so this study used it to conduct the distribution into presence(1)-absence(0) predictions and totalled up a value of 5 times for uncertainty reduction. The test data's ROC curve of endangered mammals was as follows: growing down goat(0.896), otter(0.857), flying squirrel(0.738), marten(0.725), and leopard cat(0.629). This study was divided into two groups based on habitat: the first group consisted of the goat, marten, leopard cat and flying squirrel in the forest; and the second group consisted of the otter in the river. More than 60 percent of endangered mammals' distribution probability were 56.9% in the forest and 12.7% in the river. A future study is needed to conduct other species' distribution modeling exclusive of mammals and to develop a collection method of field survey data.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.255-258
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• 2002

본 연구는 성장중인 닭에 있어서 맹장내 혐기성 미생물수와 맹장의 길이와의 관계를 구명하기 위해서 실시되었다. 5주령의 160수의 닭을 80수씩 분리하여 케이지내 사육 (대조구)및 염소 방목장내 염소와 같이 사육 (처리구)의 2처리로 구분하여 실시하였으며, 본 시험기간동안의 사료는 닭의 성장단계에 적합한 시판의 사료를 기초사료로 활용하였다. 시험기간 (5∼8주형)까지의 증체량은 8주령 에서는 대조구가 처리구보다 유의하게 놀았으며(P<0.05), 12주령에서는 처리구가 대조구보다도 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 맹장의 길이는 6, 9, 10 및 11주령에 처리구가 대조구보다 유의하게 길었다 (P<0.05). 맹장내 총 혐기성미생물수도 6, 9, 10 빛 11주령에 처리구가 대조구보다 유의하게 많았다(P<0.05). 대조구 및 처리구 함께 맹장의 길이와 증체량간에는 r= 0.816의 상관관계가 인정되었다. 맹장의 길이와 맹장내 혐기성 미생물 수는 대조구 및 처리구 함께 r=0.95이상의 높은 상관 관계가 인정되었다(P<0.01). 결론적으로 성장중인 닭에 있어서 섬유소 함량이 높은 염소의 배설물 섭취 등의 영향에 따른 맹장내 혐기성 미생물 수의 증가가 맹장의 길이 증가에 관계되어진다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.848-856
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• 2004

Black Bengal goat is primarily reared for meat, skin comes here as a by-product. The present trial describes the effect of age on different carcass characteristics of Black Bengal goats of either sex. A total of 61 Black Bengal goats of different age and sex groups were slaughtered. They were reared under semi-intensive management on milk alone or with concentrates (of 10.14 MJ ME and 10.48 g M/kg DM) and freshly cut Napier grass (2 MJ ME and 25 g CP/kg of fresh matter) that provides the estimated NRC (1981) requirement. The four age groups were: pre-weaned kids (0-90 day), post-weaned kids (91-180 days), growing (181-365 days) and adult (>365 days). Goats were slaughtered according to 'Halal' method by severing the major vessels of the throat by a transverse cut. Different slaughter parameters of Black Bengal goat can be best predicted from the equations as follows: live weight (kg)=0.801 (shoulder height (cm))-24.32, ($r^{2}$=0.94); carcass weight (kg)=0.364 (height at hind legs (cm))-11.54, ($r^{2}$=0.91); edible weight (kg)=0.623 (shoulder height (cm))-19.94, ($r^{2}$=0.91) and saleable weight (kg)=0.701 (shoulder height (cm))-21.99, ($r^{2}$=0.92). Live weight, carcass weight, edible weight and saleable weight of castrated goat at one-year onward ranges from 20-22, 9.4-10.5, 14-16 and 16.6-18.8 kg, respectively, which are about 80% higher than most of the reported observations on Black Bengal goat of same age and sex. Slaughter weight, warm carcass weight, edible weight and saleable weight increased curvilinearly with age of slaughter but not affected (p>0.05) by sex. However, linearity of the response curve of affect of age on mentioned parameters ends at around 9 months. Visceral fat as per cent of live weight increased curvilinearly with age and attain its maximum (about 6%) at about 500 days. However, linear part of the quadratic model ends at about 300 days when visceral fat content is about 4.8% of body weight. Blood and skin yield for one-year old male goat was 797 g and 1.61 kg, respectively. Absolute yield of blood and skin increased curvilinealry and attained maximum level at about 400 days (13.3 months). Average proportion of different carcass cut were - round 27%, rump 7%, loin 10%, ribs (6-12th) 14%, shoulder 21%, Neck 7%, chest 14%. Thigh and shoulder constituted about 48.3% of the cold carcass weight. Overall crude protein content of meat samples of different carcass cuts progressively decreased with age starting from 57 at 0-90 days to 58, 47 and 33 per cent, respectively at 91-180, 181-365 and >365 days, respectively. Overall meat fat content increased almost linearly from 11.1% during 91-180 days to 22.9 and 39.5% during 181-365 and >365days, respectively. Results from this trial suggest that both carcass yield and carcass composition changes with age; and sex have little or no effect on carcass yield and carcass composition. However, caution should be made in using second conclusion as there were few female animals slaughtered relative to the male. Optimum slaughter age for Black Bengal goat reared under semi-intensive management with adequate feeding and management would be about 9 months when their live weight, warm carcass weight, edible and saleable weight of carcass can be about 16.74, 7.28, 12.05 and 13.81 kg, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

Despite higher fecundity, Black Bengal goat generally has lower milk production, which is often insufficient for their multiple kids. However, milk requirement of Black Bengal kids is poorly defined. Present trial was thus designed to determine the requirement and intake of milk of pre-weaned Black Bengal kids in relation to their growth rate age and sex. Thirty, one month old Black Bengal kids of either sex divided into two groups were allocated to two groups, suckling alone (T1) or suckling along with teat-bottle feeding of milk (T2). Ten kids were allocated for the T1 and 20 kids were allocated for the T2. Digestibility of milk was also determined in T2 animals. Average daily consumption of milk, milk energy and milk N were 773 and 722 g, 1,170 and 1,093 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ and 1,552 and 1,462 mg N/kg $W^{0.75}/d$, respectively. During 9 weeks trial period, male kids had significantly higher live weight (4.32 vs. 4.20 kg; p<0.01) and intake of milk (773 vs. 722 g/d; p<0.05), energy (117 vs. 1,093 kJ/kg $W^{0.75}$/d; p<0.01) and N (1,552 vs.1,462 mg/k $W^{0.75}/d$; p<0.01) than the female. Milk consumption and the corresponding milk energy and milk N intake increased linearly up to 5th week of the trial, which, then decreased quadratically up to 9th week i.e., up to the weaning. Overall milk DM intake during this period was 2.58% (range 1.5-3.0%) of live weight or about 36 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ (range 29-45 g/kg $W^{0.75}/d$). Pre-weaned Black Bengal kids of about 4.5 kg weight, growing at the rate of 60 g weight daily requires at least 750 g milk daily. Daily live weight gain, estimated as the regression between the live weights over time, was 60 g ($r^2$=0.99) and 55 g ($r^2$=0.99), respectively, for the male and female kids. Efficiency of milk energy utilization for weight gain ranged from 0.67 to 0.84 (mean 0.81) for the male kid and 0.75 to 0.91 (mean 0.82) for the female kids. Efficiency of milk protein utilization for weight gain ranged from 0.46 to 0.70 (mean 0.61) for the male kid and 0.51 to 0.81 (mean 0.64) for the female kids. Additional teat-bottle feeding of suckling kids had no significant effect on their growth rate (54vs. 57 g/d). Average digestibility of milk DM, OM and N was 98.85, 98.99 and 98.69%, respectively and they were slightly (p>0.05) higher in the male than the female kids. Results suggest that the requirement of energy and protein and their utilization efficiency in Black Bengal kids is not different from that of the other breeds of goat.

• 한국연극학
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• 제48호
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• pp.5-50
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• 2012

In these days, we come across a growing interest in animals from various perspectives. Considering that the posthumanistic point of view forms the major stream of postmodern humanities, ethics and philosophies, this paper tries to study the liminality between human beings and animal as appear in postmodern plays. The cases of a middle-aged architect falling in love with a goat (The Goat, or Who is Sylvia? by Edward Albee); An abandoned (human-)dog that encounters his old mistress under the moonlight (A leaseholder by Yoon Young-sun); Coexistence of men, dog, plants in a Country life (White Cherry by Bae Sam-sik); A Mutual sympathy between a swarm of bees and a woman dying of cancer(Bee by Bae Sam-sik) were discussed referring such concepts as 'Otherness' of Derrida, 'Becoming'of Deleuze, 'a bare life' of Agamben and ecological co-existence. In The Goat, the moment of Martin who happened to meet a goat's eyes in a suburbs can be paralleled with that of Derrida who one day found himself caught up with the gaze of a cat in the bathroom while he was naked. They shared the common experience in that they went through the ontological and mysterious abyss that rendered them to raise the question of "Who am I ?" In A leaseholder, a young woman returns to her hometown exhausted by the calculating human society and meet her old time (human-dog). This story reminds us of Agamben's werewolf, Levinas's dog Bobby and Derrida's Zootobiography. He, an abandoned pet, both excluded and included from human society, now appearing as a mysterious human-dog, welcomes, embraces, and comprehends his old mistress and exposes his individual remorses and passions as an animal-subject. In White Cherry, the author describes the coexistence of all the life-beings such as an old dog, a golden bell tree, the deceased daughter and even a fossil remains in a country life. Bee is a story of a beekeeping village where bees were leaving and disappearing. A swam of bees fly down on a woman who was dying of cancer. With physical and spiritual empathy the dying woman helps the swarm of bee to conduct a new birth and a new life.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.120-125
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• 2018

본 연구는 야초지에서 흑염소 방목사육 시 사초생산성, 사료가치, 적정 방목강도 규명 및 가축생산성 분석을 통하여 야초지의 이용성을 평가하고 흑염소 방목 사육에 대한 기초적인 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 공시축은 평균체중 14kg 전후의 4개월 령 육성기 암컷 흑염소 10두로 방목실험을 실시하였다. 방목 시 보충사료는 체중의 1.5%로 추가 급여 하였으며, 물은 자유 급수 할 수 있도록 하였다. 야초지의 건물함량은 봄에서 가을로 갈수록 건물함량이 증가하는 보고와 비슷하게 6월과 9월에 각각 $24.9{\pm}0.56%$, $24.4{\pm}0.89%$로 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 조단백질 함량은 평균함량 11%~12%를 유지하여 처리구간 유의성은 보이지 않았다. 야초지의 사료가치는 일정수준으로 영양소 함량이 유지되었으나 계절별로 생산되는 야초의 종류가 다르기 때문에 차이가 존재하였다. 방목 시 사초생산성은 야초의 경우 대부분 C-4형 식물이기 때문에 기온이 높은 여름철인 6월부터 8월까지 생산성의 증가한 것으로 보이며 8월의 경우 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 8월 이후 생산성이 급격히 감소하여 봄철과 가을철에 급격하게 생산성이 저하되는 야초지의 특성을 보였다. 방목 초지의 월별 생산성과 흑염소의 채식량을 기준으로 분석을 통해 월별 방목 강도를 설정하였다. 계산된 방목 강도는 8월에 55두/ha 로 가장 높았으며, 사초생산성이 떨어지는 시기인 9월에 21두/ha로 가장 낮았다. 평균 방목강도는 37두/ha로 이를 기준으로 보충사료의 양을 조절하여 방목 흑염소에게 부족하거나 과잉된 영양소 공급의 균형을 맞출 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 흑염소 생산성의 계절별 변화는 증체량이 80.2 g/d 이었다. 방목구에서 안정적인 증체의 결과는 방목 후 추가로 농후사료를 보충급여 함으로써 흑염소의 영양소 요구량을 충족시켰기 때문이며, 방목사육 시 사초생산성이 떨어지는 시기에 적절한 방목강도 조절과 필요 영양수준에 맞춘 보충사료를 급여 한다면 가축의 생산성을 더 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되며 야초지의 효율적인 활용기술 및 흑염소 방목기술의 추가적인 연구를 통하여 유기축산 및 산지생태축산 실현에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1068-1075
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• 2000

A study involving nutrient balances and radioisotope labeling techniques was undertaken to study energy and protein metabolism, and glucose kinetics of female crossbred Etawah goats, using 12 weaned (BW $14.0{\pm}2.0kg$), 12 late pregnant (BW $27.8{\pm}1.8kg$) and 12 first lactation does (BW $25.0{\pm}5.0kg$). Each class of animal was randomly allotted into 3 dietary treatment groups R1, R2 and R3, that received 100%, 85%, and 70% of ad libitum feed. The rations offered were pellets containing 21.8% CP and 19.3 MJ GE/kg, except for the lactating does who received pellets (17.2% CP and 18.9 MJ GE/kg) and fresh Penisetum purpureum grass. Energy and nitrogen balance studies were conducted during a two-week trial. Daily heat production (HP, estimated by the carbon dioxide entry rate technique), glucose pool and flux were measured. Equations were found for metabolizable energy (ME) and protein intake (IP) requirements for growing goats: ME (MJ/d)=1.87+0.55 RE-0.001 ADG+0.044 RP $(R^2=0.89)$ and IP (g/d)=48.47+2.99 RE+0.029 ADG+0.79 RP $(R^2=0.90)$; for pregnant does: ME (MJ/d)=5.92+0.96 RE-0.002 ADG+0.003 RP $(R^2=0.99)$ and IP (g/d)=58.34+5.41 RE+0.625 ADG-0.30 RP $(R^2=0.98)$; and for lactating does: ME (MJ/d)=4.23+0.713 RE+0.003 ADG+0.006 RP+0.002 MY $(R^2=0.86)$; IP (g/d)=84.05-5.36 RE+0.055 ADG-0.16 RP+0.068 MY $(R^2=0.45)$, where RE is retained energy (MJ/d), ADG is average daily gain in weight (g/d), RP is retained protein (g/d) and MY is milk yield (ml/d). ME and IP requirements for maintenance for growing goats were 0.46 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 7.43 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, respectively. Values for the pregnant and lactating does were in the same order, 0.55 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 11.7 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, and 0.50 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 10.8 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, respectively. Milk protein ranged from 3.06 to 3.5% and milk fat averaged 5.2%. Glucose metabolism in Etawah crossbred female goat is active, but glucose flux is low compared to temperate ruminant breeds which may implicate its role to support production.