• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2012

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of alfalfa meal on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development of growing layer ducks to provide evidence for application of alfalfa meal in the duck industry. Two hundred and fifty-six healthy Shaoxing 7-wk old growing layer ducks were selected and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on corn and soybean meal and containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% of alfalfa meal for 8 wks. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 16 ducks each. Briefly, birds were raised in separate compartments, and each compartment consisted of three parts: indoor floor house, adjacent open area and a connecting water area. The results showed: i) Growing ducks fed alfalfa meal diet were not significantly different in average daily gain, feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio from those fed no alfalfa diet (p>0.05). ii) Alfalfa meal increased the ratio crop, gizzard to live weight, caecum to live weight, the caecum index of growing ducks (p<0.05). iii) Villus height in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks increased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). Crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks decreased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). This experiment showed that feeding of alfalfa meal to growing layer ducks could improve gastrointestinal tract growth and small intestinal morphology without effect on performance. This experiment provides evidence that alfalfa meal is a very valuable feedstuff for growing layer ducks.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.82-92
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• 2010

Removal rates of NO3-N and TN in a free water surface wetland system during emergent plant growing season and non-growing were investigated. The system was established on floodplain in the down reach of the Gwangju Stream in 2008. Its dimensions were 46 meters in length and 5 meters in width. Typha angustifloria L. growing in pots about two years were planted on the half area of the system and Zizania latifolia Turcz on the other half. Water of the stream was funneled into it by gravity flow and its effluent was discharged back into it. Volumes and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from October 2008 to September 2009. Inflow into the system averaged approximately 715 $m^3$/day and hydraulic residence time was about 1.5 hr. Average influent and effluent $NO_3$-N concentration was 3.37 and 2.74 mg/L, respectively and $NO_3$-N retention amounted to 18.7%. Influent and effluent TN concentration averaged 4.67 and 3.69 mg/L, respectively and TN abatement reached to 20.9%. $NO_3$-N removal rate (%) during plant growing season ($22.67{\pm}3.70$, mean ${\pm}$ standard error) was significantly high (p<0.001) when compared with that during plant non-growing one ($15.02{\pm}3.23$). TN abatement rate (%) during plant growing season ($27.42{\pm}5.98$) was also significantly high (p<0.001) when compared with that during plant non-growing one ($13.66{\pm}3.08$).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1407-1416
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genotype (slower-growing vs. fast-growing) and production system (access to outdoors vs. indoor) on the growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality (chemical composition, physicochemical and sensory properties) of chickens. The experiment was performed on 1,040 day-old hybrid male chickens of two genotypes. Slower-growing chickens (Hubbard JA957, certified) and fast-growing chickens (Hubbard F15) were fed identical diets until 65 days of age. Both genotypes (each represented by 520 birds) were divided into two subgroups and were raised in pens on litter with outdoor access or in indoor confinement without outdoor access (four replications per subgroup, each of 65 birds). Until day 21, the birds stayed in the indoor facility, in deep-litter pens. The birds could forage on pasture 12 h daily, commencing at three weeks of age. Stocking density was 0.13 $m^2$ floor space per bird in pens on litter, and 0.8 $m^2$ per bird in grassy yards. Compared with fast-growing, slower-growing chickens were significantly lighter (by 17%), had a lower breast and thigh muscle yield and a higher abdominal fat content, but they were characterized by higher survival rates at 65 days, a higher protein content and a lower fat content of breast meat. Outdoor access had no negative effects on the growth performance, muscle yield, the fatty acid profile and oxidative status of meat lipids. The meat of free-range chickens was darker in color, it had a higher protein content and a better water-holding capacity, but it was less juicy than the meat of birds raised indoors.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.857-871
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• 2017

The major substrates used in soilless growing media are peat moss and perlite, where peat moss is a limited and expensive natural resource. Determination of appropriate substrates based on technical and economic feasibility is the vital aspect of research and the key to success in any soilless production system. This research work was performed to evaluate different low-cost and sustainable alternative substrate as soilless growing media for horticulture plant. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of sawdust species and steam treatment, for physico-chemical properties and growth of horticultural plant. This study involves the physical and chemical characterization and growth test of four substrate (pine sawdust, oak sawdust, steamed pine sawdust and steamed oak sawdust) in order to evaluate their use as components of growing media. Steamed oak sawdust ($121^{\circ}C$, 30 min) showed adequate physical and chemical properties compared to peat moss for their use as growing media. The growing media were prepared using different mixture proportion to grow Brassica campestris L., Festuca arundinacea and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. The highest germination, stem length and leaf area of Brassica campestris L., Festuca arundinacea and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya were observed in 30 minute steamed oak sawdust mixture growing media. The steam treatment condition of sawdust used in the growing media significantly positive affected the germination, the stem length and the leaf area.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2020

This research was performed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary mono-component protease (PRO) might improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of eighty-four pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 25.3 ± 2.16 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (7 replicates/treatment; 2 barrows and 2 gilts/replicate) in a randomized complete block design (block = sex). The dietary treatments were prepared as follows; (1) a positive control (PC) as a typical growing-finishing diet based on corn and soybean meal, (2) PC added with 0.015% of PRO (PCPRO), and (3) a negative control (NC) added with 0.015% of PRO (NCPRO). The NC had a lower concentration of crude protein (CP) compared with PC. The PRO was a commercial product that contained 75,000 protease units/g and derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. Dietary treatments were offered to pigs during growing and finishing periods. Measurements were growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and carcass characteristics. The PCPRO and/or NCPRO increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during growing (p < 0.10), finishing (p < 0.05), and growing-finishing periods (p < 0.10) compared with PC. Furthermore, pigs fed PCPRO and NCPRO had higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of CP and energy during growing and/or finishing periods than those fed PC. In conclusion, the supplementation of PRO in diets improved growth performance and protein digestibility of growing-finishing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.489-496
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• 2019

A study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal score in growing pigs. Ninety Duroc ${\times}$ (Landrace ${\times}$ Large Yorkshire) growing pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of $25.51{\pm}1.63kg$ were randomly allotted to three treatment groups with 6 replications of 5 pigs per replicate pen for each treatment in a 6-week trial period. The treatments were as follows: 1) basal diet (CON); 2) basal diet with 0.05% GABA and 3) basal diet with 1% of a 10% HCl solution. The results showed that GABA supplementation significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.05) compared with the control during week 4 and the overall experiment period (0 to 6 weeks). However, HCl supplementation had a numerical increase in the ADG compared with the control. The total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) was greater in GABA group than the CON (p < 0.05). The supplementation of GABA and HCl in the diet of growing pigs had no significant effect on the fecal scores compared with the CON. Experimental results show that supplementation of 0.05% GABA in the diet of growing pigs had a positive effect on the ADG and DM digestibility in growing pigs.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.485-492
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• 2016

For reporting national greenhouse gas inventory in forest sector, the forest growing stock from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) system has used as activity data sources. The National Forest Inventory system was changed from rotation system by province to annual system by 5 years across the country. The forest growing stocks based on the new inventory system produced a different trend compared to the previous estimations. This study was implemented to recalculate previous forest growing stocks for time series consistency at a national level. The recalculation of forest growing stock was conducted in an overlap approach by the IPCC guideline. In order to support the more consistency data, we used calibration factors between applied stand volumes in 1985 and 2012, respectively. As a result, the time series of recalculated forest growing stock was to be consistency using the overlap approach and the calibration factor with the lower middle/middle site index. According to the applied overlap period, however, we will recalculate activity data using more complete data from national forest inventory system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.653-661
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• 2023

Phytase enhances phosphorus availability in pig diets by breaking down phytic acid, which is challenging for animals to digest. This study aimed to assess the impact of dietary phytase supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal score of growing pigs. Sixty-four growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc, average body weight 21.20 ± 0.18 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. The dietary treatments were CON, basal diet, and PHY, basal diet + 0.0025% phytase. Results indicated a tendency for increased average daily gain in the phytase-supplemented diet group (p < 0.10) compared to the control diet group. The average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the addition of 0.0025% phytase. Furthermore, dry matter digestibility, nitrogen content, and digestible energy were not influenced (p > 0.05) by phytase supplementation. Fecal score remained similar (p > 0.05) in growing pigs fed phytase-supplemented and control diets. These findings suggest that supplementing the diet of growing pigs with 0.0025% phytase may lead to improved average daily gain without adverse effects on nutrient digestibility and fecal score. This implies the potential to enhance growth performance without compromising overall health or digestion in pigs. Further investigations into the optimal levels of phytase supplementation for growing pigs are recommended.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 학술발표 논문집
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• pp.57-60
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• 2001

In this paper, we propose growing algorithm of wavelet neural network. It is growing algorithm that adds hidden nodes using wavelet frame which approximately supports orthogonality in wavelet neural network based on wavelet theory. The result of this processing can be reduced global error and progresses performance efficiency of wavelet neural network. We apply the proposed algorithm to approximation problem and evaluate effectiveness of proposed algorithm.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.227-237
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• 2018

There are various papers on finding all the derivations of a non-associative algebra and an anti-symmetrized algebra. We find all the derivations of a growing algebra in the paper. The dimension of derivations of the growing algebra is one and every derivation of the growing algebra is outer. We show that there is a class of purely outer algebras in this work.