• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.122-133
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• 1997

Purified diets containing 5 graded levels of threonine were fed to young, growing and finishing pigs to determine the threonine requirement for growth and maintenance. A model was developed to subdivide the threonine requirement for the maintenance from the requirement for growth. From this model, the threonine requirement for growth was 7.733, 10.968 and 11.235 g/kg live weight gain and the maintenance requirement was 0.118, 0.048 and 0.024 g per unit of metabolic body size at each stage of growth, respectively. In the young pigs, the threonine requirement for growth was 0.388 g/g N gain and the maintenance requirement was 0.122 g per unit of metabolic body size. The breakpoint of plasma threonine concentrations was 3.995, 7.933 and 7.738 g/d, respectively. Expected requirements obtained from these formulae were in general agreement with previous estimates. Based on the weight gain vs N gain equation, about 4.24% of the retained protein was comprised of threonine and compared to 3.81%, the mean threonine content of pig muscle CP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.86-97
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• 1997

Purified diets containing 5 graded levels of methionine + cystine were fed to young, growing and finishing pigs to determine the methionine + cystine requirement for growth and maintenance. A model was developed to subdivide the methionine + cystine requirement for maintenance from requirement for growth. From this model, the methionine + cystine requirement for growth was 8.633, 10.260 and 9.293 g/kg live weight gain and the maintenance requirement was 0.049, 0.016 and 0.019 g per unit of metabolic body size at each stage of growth, respectively. In the young pigs, the methionine + cystine requirement for growth was 0.491 g/g N gain and the maintenance requirement was 0.059 g per unit of metabolic body size. The breakpoint of plasma methionine + cystine concentrations was 3.888, 6.935 and 8.116 g/d, respectively. Expected requirements obtained from these formulae were in general agreement with previous estimates. Based on the weight gain vs N gain equation, about 4.44% of the retained protein was comprised of methionine + cystine and compared to 3.31%, the mean methionine + cystine content of pig muscle CP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1756-1760
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• 2016

Estimation of feed intake (FI) for individual animals within a pen is needed in situations where more than one animal share a feeder during feeding trials. A partitioning method (PM) was previously published as a model to estimate the individual FI (IFI). Briefly, the IFI of a pig within the pen was calculated by partitioning IFI into IFI for maintenance ($IFI_m$) and IFI for growth. In the PM, $IFI_m$ is determined based on the metabolic body weight (BW), which is calculated using the coefficient of 106 and exponent of 0.75. Two simulation studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the use of different coefficients and exponents for metabolic BW to calculate $IFI_m$ improves the accuracy of the estimates of IFI for pigs, and that PM is applied to pigs fed in group-housing systems. The accuracy of prediction represented by difference between actual and estimated IFI was compared using PM, ratio (RM), or averaging method (AM). In simulation studies 1 and 2, the PM estimated IFI better than the AM and RM during most of the periods (p<0.05). The use of 0.60 as the exponent and the coefficient of 197 to calculate metabolic BW did not improve the accuracy of the IFI estimates in both simulation studies 1 and 2. The results imply that the use of $197kcal{\times}kg\;BW^{0.60}$ as metabolizable energy for maintenance in PM does not improve the accuracy of IFI estimations compared with the use of $106kcal{\times}kg\;BW^{0.75}$ and that the PM estimates the IFI of pigs with greater accuracy compared with the averaging or ratio methods in group-housing systems.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

This research was carried out to determine the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) levels(low : 0.29, medium : 0.65 and high : 1.07%) on the digestibility, excretion and retention of nitrogen(N) phosphorus (P) in pigs fed diets supplemented with phytase(750U/kg). Twelve growing-finishing pigs(average body weight: 35kg) were divided into 3 groups and these pigs were reared in metabolism cage. After 10 days adaptation period, N and P balance experiments were carried out for 4 days. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The High-Ca group was lower than the others in digestibility of P(Low-Ca and Medium-Ca group). 2. The amount of daily excretion of urinary N were 19.6g in Low-Ca group and 16.7g in high-Ca group. The High-Ca group was the lowest(22.71%/d) in the total N excretion. 3. The High-Ca group was the highest and the Low-Ca group the lowest in fecal P excretion. The urinary P excretions per day were 1.90g in Low-Ca group and 0.04g in High-Ca group. The medium-Ca group showed the lowest total P excretion(4.57g/d). 4. The N retention of the High-Ca group(20.50g) was greater than that of the Low-Ca group and Medium-Ca(5.02)g was the highest and the Low-Ca groups(3.92g) was the lowest in the P retention. These results indicate that dietary Ca level was an important factor influencing N and P utilization in pigs.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1996

본 연구는 사육, 급사, 급수, 번식, 건강 관리, 환기 및 열 관리, 자료 분석 등에 대한 기계화 및 자동화의 현황과 수준을 분석 평가하고, 이를 토대로 양돈 시설의 최적화 생산 시스템 모델 개발의 연구 방향을 설정하기 위하여 수행되었으며 앞으로의 연구 방향을 다음과 같이 설정하였다. 1) 종모돈, 종빈돈, 분만돈은 단사식으로 사육하고, 자돈, 육성돈, 비육돈은 군사식으로 사육하는 것과 돈방 배열은 복열식으로 하는 것을 기준으로 한국형 환경 제어용 스라트 무창돈사를 개발한다. 2) 한국형 환경 제어용 스라트 무창돈사에 적합한 환경 제어 시스템과 분뇨 처리 시스템을 개발한다. 3) 전자식 개체식별장치를 개발한다. 4) 전자식 개체식별장치와 컴퓨터를 이용한 자동 개체 습식 급사 시스템을 개발한다. 5) 번식돈을 위한 전자식 개체식별장치에 의한 개체 관리 시스템을 개발한다. 6) 건강 관리 및 자료 분석 등을 종합 관리할 수 있는 전문가 시스템을 개발한다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.245-257
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• 2001

가축사육이 집단화되면서 가축배설물의 축적은 집중화 현상을 초래하게 되었고 또 계속적인 분뇨 분비물의 유출은 환경공해의 요인이 되고 있으며 이는 공공의 걱정거리로 대두되고 있다. 가축분뇨 중에서 질소와 인이 환경공해요인이 되는 가장 중요한 영양소이지만 가축이나 축산시설물에서 발생되는 냄새 역시 공해의 요인이 되고 있다. 급여되는 사료의 영양소효율을 높이는 길이 환경공해를 감소시키는 방법이다. 가장 많은 실험은 닭과 돼지를 대상으로 하여 이루어졌다. 사료첨가제의 이용, 사양방법의 수정 등으로 사료중의 영양소 이용성을 높임으로서 질소와 인의 배출감소는 물론 냄새와 분의 건물함량을 줄일 수 있었다. 1) 합성아미노산 제제를 사료 중에 첨가하고 단백질 수준을 감소시켰을 때 육계의 경우 10∼27%의 질소배출을 기대할 수 있었으며 산란계의 경우 18∼35%, 돼지의 경우 62%, 돼지에서 생성되는 냄새를 9∼43%까지 감소시키는 효과를 기대 할 수 있었다. 2) 사료 중에 효소제를 첨가하였을 때 육계 분의 건물함량을 12∼15% 감소시킬 수 있었다. 3) phytase를 첨가할 경우 분으로 배설되는 인의 함량은 양계의 경우 25∼35%,돼지의 경우 9∼43%까지 감소가 가능했다. 4) 성장촉진제를 이용할 경우 돼지에서 질소의 배설 양을 5∼30% 감소시킬 수 있었으며 냄새는 53∼55%까지 감소가 가능했다. 5) 사료배합을 요구량에 가깝게 하여 급여하였을 때 양계나 양돈의 경우 질소와 인은 각각 10∼15% 감소를 기대 할 수 있었으며 돼지의 냄새는 28∼79%까지 감소가 가능했다. 6) 기별 사양을 철저히 실시함으로서 양계와 양돈의 경우 질소는 10∼33%, 인산은 10∼13%, 그리고 성장 비육돈의 경우 49∼79% 감소를 기대 할 수 있다. 7) 닭이나 돼지의 사료를 배합시 소화율이 높은 곡류를 이용하면 질소와 인의 배설을 5% 감소시킬 수 있다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.461-474
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• 2022

Objective: This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing vitamin D₃-fortified sow and progeny diets with 25(OH)D₃ on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immunity, and pork meat quality. Methods: The present study involved the assessment of supplementing the diet of sows and their progeny with or without 25 (OH)D₃ in a 2×2 factorial arrangement on the performance and production characteristics of wean-finish pigs. Forty-eight multiparous sows were assigned to a basal diet containing 2000 IU/kg vitamin D₃ and supplemented without (CON) or with (TRT) 50 ㎍/kg 25 (OH)D₃. At weaning, a total of 80 pigs each from CON and TRT sows were allocated to weaning and growing-finishing basal diets fortified with 2,500 and 1,750 IU/kg vitamin D₃ respectively and supplemented without or with 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃. Results: Sows fed 25(OH)D₃-supplemented diets improved pre-weaning growth rate of nursing piglets. A significant sow and pig weaning diet effect was observed for growth rate and feed efficiency (p<0.05) during days 1 to 42 post-weaning. Pigs consuming 25(OH)D₃-supplemented diets gained weight faster (p = 0.016), ate more (p = 0.044) and tended to convert feed to gain more efficiently (p = 0.088) than those fed CON diet between days 98 and 140 post-weaning. Supplemental 25(OH)D₃ improved water holding capacity and reduced drip loss of pork meat, increased serum 25(OH)D₃ level, produced higher interleukin-1 and lower interleukin-6 concentrations in blood circulation, downregulated myostatin (MSTN) and upregulated myogenic differentiation (MYOD) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) gene expressions (p<0.05). Conclusion: Supplementing vitamin D₃-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets with 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃ significantly improved production performance suggesting their current dietary vitamin D₃ levels are insufficient. In fulfilling the total need for vitamin D, it is strongly recommended to add 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃ "on top" to practical vitamin D₃-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets deployed under commercial conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.64-70
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• 2017

Objective: In the present study, role of increasing levels of Ecklonia cava (seaweed) supplementation in diets was investigated on growth performance, coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, serum immunoglobulins, cecal microflora and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs. Methods: A total of 200 weaned pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc; initial body weight $7.08{\pm}0.15kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments on the basis of body weight. There were 5 replicate pens in each treatment including 10 pigs of each. Treatments were divided by dietary Ecklonia cava supplementation levels (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, or 0.15%) in growing-finishing diets. There were 2 diet formulation phases throughout the experiment. The pigs were offered the diets ad libitum for the entire period of experiment in meal form. Results: The pigs fed with increasing dietary concentrations of Ecklonia cava had linear increase (p<0.05) in the overall average daily gain, however, there were no significant differences in gain to feed ratio, CTTAD of dry matter and crude protein at both phase I and phase II. Digestibility of gross energy was linearly improved (p<0.05) in phase II. At day 28, pigs fed Ecklonia cava had greater (linear, p<0.05) Lactobacillus spp., fewer Escherichia coli (E. coli) spp. (linear, p<0.05) and a tendency to have fewer cecal Clostridium spp. (p = 0.077). The total anaerobic bacteria were not affected with supplementation of Ecklonia cava in diets. Polynomial contrasts analysis revealed that villus height of the ileum exhibited a linear increase (p<0.05) in response with the increase in the level of dietary Ecklonia cava. However, villus height of duodenum and jejunum, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth ratio of different segments of the intestine were not affected. Conclusion: The results suggest that Ecklonia cava had beneficial effects on the growth performance, cecal microflora, and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2001

가축의 행동에 대한 관심이 치근 고조되고 있으며, 향후에는 가축복지법의 규제도 받게 될 실정인데 비하여 우리 나라는 아직 동물과 환경과의 관계에 대한 연구가 미진한 실정이다. 돈사의 구조적 특성은 돼지에게 여러 가지 측면에서 영향을 미쳐 생산성을 좌우하게 될 뿐만 아니라 동물복지 차원에서도 연구가 진행되어야 할 시점이다. 따라서 본 실험은 무창 육성·비육돈사에서 계절별 환기시스템에 따른 휴식공간을 파악하고자 하였으며, 또한 측벽밀폐 비율이 돼지의 배분 습성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 1. 돈방 측벽밀폐율을 50%, 75%, 100% 세수준으로 하였을 때 돼지의 배분습성은 온도, 습도, 공기유속과 상관없이 일정한 지역에 배분하는 행동을 보였다. 따라서 돼지는 돈방내의 어두운 지점에서 배분하는 것으로 관찰되어 무엇보다도 조명의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 측벽 밀폐율에 따른 분뇨의 배분집적 높이는 50% 일 때 10cm, 75%는 5cm 그리고 100%일 때는 3 cm가 직접 되었으며, 폭은 각각 30 cm, 25 cm, 20 cm로 나타났다. 3. 돈방의 휴식공간에서의 암모니아 농도는 각 돈방 측벽의 배분율이 50%일 때 $4.2mg/{\ell}$, 75%는 $5.1mg/{\ell}$ 그리고 100%일 때 $5.8mg/{\ell}$그리고 100% 일 때 $5.8mg/{\ell}$으로 측정되어 돈방바닥면에 분뇨가 넓게 분포되는 100%일 때 암모니아의 농도가 가장 높았다. 이것을 배분습관과 연관되어 돈방내의 어두운 부분을 최소한 줄일 경우 휴식공간에서의 암모니아 농도는 줄일 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 4. 요인중 돼지의 휴식공간의 위치 영향에서 환경변인은 무엇보다도 공기유속인 등 하다. 겨울철에는 0.03 m/g 지점에서 휴식을 하였으며, 여름철에는 0.24 m/g 지점에서 휴식을 취하였다. 따라서 돼지의 휴식공간은 공기의 유속에 의한 영향이 매우 큰 것으로 관찰되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1785-1793
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• 2008

Fifty-four PIC barrows were used to evaluate the effects of lower dietary lysine content and energy level on carcass characteristics and meat quality in slaughter pigs. Pigs were allotted to one of three treatments by body weight with six replicate pens in each treatment. The dietary treatments for body weights of 20-50 kg, 50-80 kg and 80-90 kg were as follows, respectively: control diet (digestible energy 14.22 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.67 g/MJ, 0.53 g/MJ and 0.42 g/MJ); a low lysine group (digestible energy 14.22 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.49, 0.38 and 0.30 g/MJ); and a low lysine-low energy group or low nutrient group (digestible energy 13.11 MJ/kg, lysine/DE 0.49, 0.38 and 0.30 g/MJ). The daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were calculated in the overall growth period (nearly 12 weeks). Meanwhile, carcass characteristics and meat quality were evaluated at 60 and 90 kg body weight respectively. During the overall growth trial, lowering dietary lysine and nutrient level both decreased weight gain (p<0.05) and feed efficiency (p<0.01). At 60 kg body weight, decreasing dietary lysine and nutrient level noticeably decreased dressing percentage (p<0.01) and back fat depth at last rib of PIC pigs (p<0.01), but enhanced marbling scores (p<0.10), intramuscular fat content (p<0.10) and water loss rate (p<0.01) of the longissimus dorsi muscle. At 90 kg body weight, lean percentage (p<0.01) was evidently reduced by both lowering lysine content and nutrient level in the diet. However, the shoulder back fat depth (p<0.05) and marbling scores of the loin eye muscle (p<0.05) were increased; Lowering dietary nutrient level could improve back fat depth of 10th rib (p<0.01) and last rib (p<0.01), intramuscular fat content (p<0.10), redness (p<0.01) and water loss rate of the loin eye muscle (p<0.05), but decrease loin area (p<0.05). Finally, when comparing the 60 kg and 90 kg slaughter weights, it was found that the shoulder back fat depth (p<0.01, p<0.10), 6th-7th rib (p<0.01, p<0.01), 10th-rib (p<0.01, p<0.01) and last rib back fat depth (p<0.01, p<0.01) of the low lysine and low nutrient group were all obviously increased comparing with the control group. Taken together, the results showed that decreasing dietary lysine content and nutrient level increased intramuscular fat content and water loss rate of longissimus dorsi muscle; On the other hand, both lowering dietary lysine and nutrient level markedly compensated to increase back fat deposition in the later finishing period (body weight from 60 to 90 kg) in contrast to the control group.