• 한국안전학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2012

This paper describes the characteristics for ground impedance of counterpoise according to position of auxiliary probe and frequency using the fall-of-potential method and the testing techniques to minimize the measuring errors are proposed. The fall-of-potential method is theoretically based on the potential and current measuring principle and the measuring error is primarily caused by the position of auxiliary probes. In order to analyze the effects of ground impedance due to the distance of the current probe and frequency, ground impedances were measured in case that the distance of current probe was located from 10[m] to 100[m] and the measuring frequency was ranged in 55 [Hz], 128[Hz], 342[Hz], and 513[Hz]. The results could be help to determine the position of auxiliary probe when the ground impedance was measured at grounding system.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 1997

There are two kinds of ground fault diagonosis system(GFD), which are for AC and DC power line. The ground fault current of a DC power line Is, first, analyzed for a description of a GFD system for DC power line and then the construction method of the GFD system, which could be processed and analyzed a ground fault current, are explained. Main functions of the system are that the detected ground fault current could be converted to the line insulation resistance by a program and saved in the system memory continuously. Finally a DC power line insulation safety could be decide by a change of the saved Insulation resistance for a given time. This system can detect the ground fault resistance to 100㏀.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.1916-1922
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• 2009

Introducing distributed generators(DGs) to utility distribution system can cause malfunction of relay on the grid when ground faults or severe load unbalances are occurred on the system. Because DGs interconnected to the grid can contribute fault currents and make bidirectional power flows on the system, fault currents from DGs can cause an interference of relay operation. A directional over current relay(DOCR) can determine the direction of power flow whether a fault occurs at the source side or load side through detecting the phases of voltage and current simultaneously. However, it is identified in this paper that the contributed fault current(Ifdg) from the ground source when was occurred to contribute single-line-to-ground(SLG) fault current, has various phases according to the distances from the ground source. It means that the directionality of Ifdg may not be determined by simply detecting the phases of voltage and current in some fault conditions. The magnitude of Ifdg can be estimated approximately as high as 3 times of a phase current and its maximum is up to 2,000 A depending on the capacity of generation facilities. In order to prevent malfunction of relay and damage of DG facilities from the contribution of ground fault currents, Ifdg should be limited within a proper range. Installation of neutral ground reactor (NGR) at a primary neutral of interconnection transformer was suggested in the paper. Capacity of the proposed NGR can be adjusted easily by controlling taps of the NGR. An algorithm for unidirectional relay was also proposed to prevent the malfunction of relay due to the fault current, Ifdg. By the algorithm, it is possible to determine the directionality of fault from measuring only the magnitude of fault current. It also implies that the directionality of fault can be detected by unidirectional relay without replacement of relay with the bidirectional relay.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제54권9호
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• pp.427-433
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• 2005

In DC tracking power supply system, ground faults are currently detected by the potential relay, 64P. Though 64P relay detects ground fault, it cannot Identify the faulted region which causes long traffic delays and safety problem to passengers. Two new ground fault protective relay schemes that can identify the faulted region are presented in this paper. One is bus differential protective relay and the other is ground overcurrent protective relay. Both type of relays is similar in principle to the ordinary bus differential protective relay and the ground overcurrent relay used in other power system. In DC traction power supply system, since it is ungrounded, ground fault current is not big enough to operate those relays. To solve the problem, a current control device, called device 'X', is newly introduced in both system, which enables large amount of ground fault current flow upon the positive line to ground fault. Algorithms for these relays are developed and their validity are verified by EMTP simulation.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.505-510
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• 2001

We simulated the current limiting characteristics of a resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) for a single line-to-ground fault in the 22.9 kV system. The transient current during the fault increased to 6.33 kA, 5.80 kA and 3.71 kA without SFCL at the fault angles 0$^{\circ}$, 45$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$, respectively, a resistive SFCL limited effectively the fault current to 2.27 kA in a half cycle without any DC components. The maximum quench resistance of an SFCL, 16Ω was suggested to be appropriate to limit the fault current in the 22.9 kV distribution system, considering the operating cooperation of a protective relay and the current limiting performance of an SFCL.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제65권9호
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• pp.1564-1570
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• 2016

This study proposes a newly modified form of existing ground electrodes in order to secure trust of grounding system for large current caused by a stroke of lightning. Proposed planar earth structure has a several needle electrodes around a circular rod and 4 plane electrodes in all directions. The plane electrodes are fused with the insulator on the linear rod, so that they're electrically isolated. The concept is to increase the discharge amount of earth structure using multiple discharge paths like needle and plane electrodes. To check the discharge efficiency of the suggested scheme, the discharge currents are compared with typically used two kinds of ground rods. To ensure accuracy in the measurement of the discharge current, the same material was used for the comparison model. Also, the ground resistance are simulated by CDEGS commercial software and the results are compared with measured data. Based on this kind of experimental study, the suggested ground rod can be used when designing a ground system or when constructing a ground system at the site.

• 한국조명전기설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국조명전기설비학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.248-253
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• 2005

Although DC ground resistance is a good index of grounding performance for grounding electrodes, it does not reflect the grounding performance during transient state. Besides, impulse ground impedance, which is defined by a ratio of the peak value of transient ground potential rise to the peak value of impulse current, cannot be an absolute index due to its dependence on impulse current shape. In this paper, ground impedance of various rod-type ground electrodes has been measured in frequency domain ranging from 1 Hz to hundreds of kHz. Equivalent circuit models of the ground rod have been identified from the measured values of ground impedance in frequency domain.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 제38회 하계학술대회
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• pp.1470-1471
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• 2007

The mutual coupling between the current and potential measuring wires makes serious effect on the measurement of the ground impedance. For analyzing the effect of mutual coupling, we compared the ground impedance measured on site with the ground impedance calculated with MATLAB. When the parallel length is 10 [m], the measured ground impedance is similar with the calculated ground impedance. As the parallel length is extended over 10 [m], the error between measured ground impedance and calculated ground impedance is also increased on a large scale. We analyzed the mutual coupling by the frequency and present the inaccuracy of ground impedance quantitatively.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 전위강하법을 이용한 전류보조전극의 거리 및 주파수에 따른 조합형 봉형 접지전극의 접지임피던스 특성을 다루고, 측정오차를 최소화하기 위한 방법을 제안하였다. 전위강하법은 전압과 전류 측정원리에 기반을 두고 측정오차는 보조전극의 위치에 의해 발생한다. 전류보조전극의 거리와 주파수에 기인한 접지임피던스 영향을 분석하기 위해 전류보조전극의 거리를 5~20[m]로 변화시키며 측정이 이루어졌고, 55~513[Hz]로 측정주파수를 변화시키며 특성을 분석하였다. 연구결과는 접지시스템에서 접지임피던스를 측정할 경우에 전류보조전극의 위치와 측정주파수를 결정하는데 활용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.589-595
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• 2012

When surges and electromagnetic pulses from lightning or power conversion devices are considered, it is desirable to evaluate grounding system performance as grounding impedance. In the case of large-sized grounding electrodes or long counterpoises, the grounding impedance is increased with increasing the frequency of injected current. The grounding impedance is increased by the inductance of grounding electrodes. This paper presents the measured results of frequency-dependent grounding impedance and impedance phase as a function of the length of counterpoises. In order to analyze the frequency-dependent grounding impedance of the counterpoises, the frequency-dependent current dissipation rates were measured and simulated by the distributed parameter circuit model reflecting the frequency-dependent relative resistivity and permittivity of soil. As a result, the ground current dissipation rate is proportional to the soil resistivity near the counterpoises in a low frequency. On the other hand, the ground current dissipation near the injection point is increased as the frequency of injected current increases. Since the high frequency ground current cannot reach the far end of long counterpoise, the grounding impedance of long counterpoise approaches that of the short one in the high frequency. The results obtained from this work could be applied in design of grounding systems.