• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.269-275
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• 2006

This study is to provide details of the unique anatomical features on the alar lobule region in Korean nose. We hypothesized that the anatomy of this area differs according to the shape of the alar lobule. Based on the prominence and roundness of alar lobules, they were classified into horizontal and vertical types. A total of 20 fresh cadaver noses(10 for each type) were dissected. The anatomical differences between the horizontal and vertical types were investigated by gross and histologic studies. The alar lobule is composed of three layers, i.e., external skin, muscle, and vestibular skin. Profound differences between the two alar lobule types were evident in terms of the volume of the dilator naris anterior muscle, the insertion of the dilator naris posterior muscle, and the thickness of the external skin at the lateral end of the alar circumference. The horizontal type has a greater volume of dilator naris anterior muscle, an additional insertion of the dilator naris posterior muscle, and thicker external skin at the lateral end of the alar circumference than the vertical type. The Korean nose differs anatomically and morphologically from the Caucasian nose. This study shows that there are anatomic differences between the horizontal and vertical types of alar lobules in Korean nose.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 1974

Author has studied and reported on taxonomy of Korean sedges, using gross morphology, anatomy and epidermal patterns of the leaf blades(1969, 1971, 1973, 1974). This paper is the 6th report of epidermal patterns of leaf blade on sedges and includes 5 genera, Eriophorum, Fuirena, Kobresia, Rhynchospora and Scirpus. The author proposed to find epidermal patterns of leaf blades as an important taxonomic characteristic of sedges classification. The result of this study, the elements of leaf epidermis, subsidal cells, silica body, cell wall of long cell, prickles, and arrangement of the elements are considered to be significant characteristics for the identification and classification of sedge.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.341-347
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• 2013

1급 응급구조사는 인체에 대한 해부학적 구조와 기능에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 정확한 임상술기를 수행해야 한다. 이러한 교육을 위해 응급구조(학)과 학생들은 기초의학 분야중 하나인 인체해부학을 이수해야 하며 카데바(cadaver)를 이용한 해부실습 교육이 통합적으로 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 응급구조(학)과 학생 255명에게 실시된 카데바를 이용한 해부학 실습의 효과를 조사 하였다. 그 결과 교육 만족도는 5점 척도 중 평균 4.50점으로 나타났으며, 주제별 시간의 적정도는 평균 3.61점이었고, 교육에 대한 이해도는 평균점으로 나타났다. 또한 93.3%의 학생이 재참여 혹은 다른 학생에게 추천할 의사가 있다고 응답하였고 학년별로 이해도 만족도 시간 적정도에 있어 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다 (P<.05). 결론적으로, 추후 학년별 맞춤형 카데바 해부실습 프로그램에 대한 연구가 지속되어야 할 것이고 고학년은 실습 시간을 늘리고 육안해부학(gross anatomy) 뿐만 아니라 임상술기를 접목한 임상해부학(clinical anatomy)에 대한 실습이 통합적으로 진행되어야 함을 제언하는 바이다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.453-459
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of Polygalae Radix (PR) in male and female mice. PR extract (yield = 18.6%) was administered to ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines (2009-116, 2009). Animals were monitored for the mortality and the changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing. Upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 14 principal organs were examined. It was observed that there were no mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations against 14 principal organs related to PR extract up to 2,000 mg/kg. Therefore, 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate LD of PR aqueous extracts after single oral treatment in female and male mice were considered over 2000 mg/kg the limited dosages recommended by KFDA Guidelines, respectively.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2010

In order to investigate the preliminary repeat oral dose toxicity and to determine the highest dosage for further 4-week repeated dose toxicity test, Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan (LMF) has been showed various pharmacological effects, was orally administered to female and male rats, once a day for 14 days at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (vehicle control) mg/kg (body weights) in a volume of 10 ml/kg. The mortality and changes on the body weights, clinical signs, hematology, serum biochemistry and gross observations were monitored with organ weight and histopathology of principle organs. As the results of 14-day repeated oral treatment of LMF, no LMF treatment related mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female rats, respectively. In addition, no noticeable changes on the body weight and clinical signs were detected except for significant decreases on the body weights and gains restricted to male 2,000 mg/kg treated groups as compared with male vehicle control. No meaningful changes on the organ weights, hematological, serum biochemistrical, gross and histopathological findings were observed. Therefore the highest dosage in the 4-week repeated dose toxicity test is suggested as 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male rats, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.295-303
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• 2018

Purpose: We evaluated prognostic value of the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union for Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) staging system for nasopharyngeal cancer and investigated whether tumor volume/metabolic information refined prognostication of anatomy based staging system. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty-three patients with nasopharyngeal cancer who were staged with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) between 2004 and 2013 were reviewed. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate prognostic value of the 8th edition of the AJCC/UICC staging system and other factors including gross tumor volume and maximum standardized uptake value of primary tumor (GTV-T and SUV-T). Results: Median follow-up period was 63 months. In multivariate analysis for overall survival (OS), stage group (stage I-II vs. III-IVA) was the only significant prognostic factor. However, 5-year OS rates were not significantly different between stage I and II (100% vs. 96.2%), and between stage III and IVA (80.1% vs. 71.7%). Although SUV-T and GTV-T were not significant prognostic factors in multivariate analysis, those improved prognostication of stage group. The 5-year OS rates were significantly different between stage I-II, III-IV (SUV-T ≤ 16), and III-IV (SUV-T > 16) (97.2% vs. 78% vs. 53.8%), and between stage I, II-IV (GTV-T ≤ 33 mL), and II-IV (GTV-T > 33 mL) (100% vs. 87.3% vs. 66.7%). Conclusion: Current anatomy based staging system has limitations on prognostication for nasopharyngeal cancer despite the most accurate assessment of tumor extent by MRI. Tumor volume/metabolic information seem to improve prognostication of current anatomy based staging system, and further studies are needed to confirm its clinical significance.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2008

This study was conducted to obtain information of the oral dose toxicity of low molecular fucoidan (LMF) in male and female mice. In order to calculate 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 (vehicle control) mg/kg (body wt.). The mortality and the changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation and organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after LMF treatment. We could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings. In addition, significant changes in the organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were not observed except for some sporadic findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that LMF may not be toxic in mice and may be therefore safe for clinical use. The $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of LMF were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.147-157
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• 2009

This study was conducted to obtain acute information of the oral dose toxicity of lyophilized water extract of Pinelliae Rhizoma, a dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (PR) in male and female mice. In order to calculated 50% lethal dose (LD$_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (ALD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 (vehicle control) ml/kg (body weight). The mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs, gross observation, organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after treatment with PR extract. We could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, changes in the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological findings except for dose-dependent increases in the hepatic fatty change frequencies detected in PR extract 2000 and 1000mg/kg treated in both male and female mice. The results obtained in this study suggest that LD$_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of PR extracts were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both and female male mice, but more than 1000mg/kg of PR extracts treatment could induce slight hepatotoxicity the fatty changes in mice.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1979

Detailed human gross anatomic structures have been characterized. No similar data are available in nonhuman primate species in spite of close phylogenic similarity found between man and nonhuman primates. The ever increasing incidence of lung cancer and air pollution related respiratory ailments found in man emphasizes the need for an ideal animal model for studying pathogenesis of these various human pulmonary diseases. Thus, detailed investigation of pulmonary structures found in various species of nonhuman primates is warranted. For determining primate gross pulmonary anatomic structure, published works concerning the number of tracheal cartilage, angle of tracheal bifurcation, caliber of trachea, lung lobe and bifurcation position of trachea recorded for several species of nonhuman pimates, were reviewed. Limited information is available concerning the number of tracheal cartilage, width of tracheal cartilage, angle of bronchus, caliber of trachea and bronchus, and the bifurcation position of the trachea including the length of bronchus on nonhuman primates. Since scanty data have been gathered with no specific reference to their age, sex and body weight, they have no comparative values.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2013

Armeniacae semen (AS) has been considered a toxic herb in the Korean medicine as it contains hydrogen cyanide and amygdalin, especially in its endocarp. Therefore, prebrewed AS that is devoid of endocarp has been traditionally used. In the present study, amygdalin content of the prebrewed AS was significantly lower ($2.73{\pm}0.32{\mu}g/ml$; p<0.01) than the content in the extract that contained the endocarps ($28.50{\pm}6.71{\mu}g/ml$); amygdalin content corresponded to 10% of the extract in the present study. Because of single oral dose toxicity of prebrewed AS according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines (2009-116, 2009), which was based on single oral dose toxicity study of prebrewed AS, mortality due to toxic principles was significantly reduced. In this study, 2,000 mg/kg of prebrewed AS led to death of 1 female rat and 1 male rat at the end of 2 hr of administration. Based on these results, the 50% lethal dose in both male and female rats was determined to be 9279.5 mg/kg. Seizure, loss of locomotion, and increases in respiration and heart rate were observed as prebrewed AS treatment-related toxicological signs; these signs were restrictedly manifested in the prebrewed AS (2,000 mg/kg)-treated rats. In addition, no changes were observed in body weight, organ weight, gross features, and histopathological parameters with 2,000 mg/kg of AS in both male and female rats. These findings serve as direct evidence that amygdalin in AS is the toxic principle, which can be reduced by the traditional prebrewing method involving the exclusion of endocarp.