• Molecules and Cells
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.446-451
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• 2005

Diap1 is an essential Drosophila cell death regulator that binds to caspases and inhibits their activity. Reaper, Grim and Hid each antagonize Diap1 by binding to its BIR domain, activating the caspases and eventually causing cell death. Reaper and Hid induce cell death in a Ring-dependent manner by stimulating Diap1 auto-ubiquitination and degradation. It was not clear that how Grim causes the ubiquitination and degradation of Diap1 in Grim-dependent cell death. We found that Grim stimulates poly-ubiquitination of Diap1 in the presence of UbcD1 and that it binds to UbcD1 in a GST pull-down assay, so presumably promoting Diap1 degradation. The possibility that dBruce is another E2 interacting with Diap1 was examined. The UBC domain of dBruce slightly stimulated poly-ubiquitination of Diap1 in Drosophila extracts but not in the reconstitution assay. However Grim did not stimulate Diap1 poly-ubiquitination in the presence of the UBC domain of dBruce. Taken together, these results suggest that Grim stimulates the poly-ubiquitination and presumably degradation of Diap1 in a novel way by binding to UbcD1 but not to the UBC domain of dBruce as an E2.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.40.1-40.15
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• 2020

The protein encoded by the Gene Associated with Retinoid-Interferon-Induced Mortality-19 (GRIM-19) is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is homologous to the NADH dehydrogenase 1-alpha subcomplex subunit 13 of the electron transport chain. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that damages the brain and spinal cord. Although both the cause and mechanism of MS progression remain unclear, it is accepted that an immune disorder is involved. We explored whether GRIM-19 ameliorated MS by increasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and immune cells; we used a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to this end. Six-to-eight-week-old male C57BL/6, IFNγ-knockout (KO), and GRIM-19 transgenic mice were used; EAE was induced in all strains. A GRIM-19 overexpression vector (GRIM19 OVN) was electrophoretically injected intravenously. The levels of Th1 and Th17 cells were measured via flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical analysis. IL-17A and IFNγ expression levels were assessed via ELISA and quantitative PCR. IL-17A expression decreased and IFNγ expression increased in EAE mice that received injections of the GRIM-19 OVN. GRIM19 transgenic mice expressed more IFNγ than did wild-type mice; this inhibited EAE development. However, the effect of GRIM-19 overexpression on the EAE of IFNγ-KO mice did not differ from that of the empty vector. GRIM-19 expression was therapeutic for EAE mice, elevating the IFNγ level. GRIM-19 regulated the Th17/Treg cell balance.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2001

초파리 발생과정에서 세포사멸에 관여하는 유전자인 reaper(rpr), grim, dcp-1, diap1, diap1, diap2의 발현양상을 경제적 RT-PCR 방법으로 분석하였다. 세포사멸 유도 유전자인 rpr, grim의 발현양상은 발생단계에 따른 ecdysone titer 변화 양상과 매우 유사하였다. Effector caspase인 dcp-1 전사체는 초기 배와 암컷 성체에서 높은 발현을 보였다. 반면에 세포사멸 억제인자인 diap1과 diap2 전사체는 세포사멸 유도 인자인 rpr과 girm 전사체와 서로 상반적인 양상으로 발현되었다. 또한, 유주 3령 유충의 발생단계 별로 침샘조직과 성체원기조직에서 rpr, diap2, dcp-1의 전사체의 양적 변동을 분석하였다. rpr, diap2의 전사체양은 두 조직에서 서로 상반적으로 변화하였다. 이 결과는 정상 발생과정에서 세포죽음 관련유전자들의 발현이 ecdysone 신호에 의해 조절됨을 암시해 주었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.20-30
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• 2010

Objective : We determined whether the expression of GRIM-19 is correlated with pathologic types and malignant grades in gliomas, and determined the function of GRIM-19 in human gliomas. Methods : Tumor tissues were isolated and frozen at $-80^{\circ}C$ just after surgery. The tissues consisted of normal brain tissue (4), astrocytomas (2), anaplastic astrocytomas (2), oligodendrogliomas (13), anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (11), and glioblastomas (16). To profile tumor-related genes, we applied RNA differential display using a $Genefishing^{TM}$ DEG kit, and validated the tumor-related genes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A human glioblastoma cell line (U343MG-A) was used for the GRIM-19 functional studies. The morphologic and cytoskeletal changes were examined via light and confocal microscopy. The migratory and invasive abilities were investigated by the simple scratch technique and Matrigel assay. The antiproliferative activity was determined by thiazolyl blue Tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and FACS analysis. Results : Based on RT-PCR analysis, the expression of GRIM-19 was higher in astrocytic tumors than oligodendroglial tumors. The expression of GRIM-19 was higher in high-grade tumors than low-grade tumors or normal brain tissue; glioblastomas showed the highest expression. After transfection of GRIM-19 into U343MG-A, the morphology of the sense-transfection cells became larger and more spindly. The antisensetransfection cells became smaller and rounder compared with wild type U343MG-A. The MTT assay showed that the sense-transfection cells were more sensitive to the combination of interferon-$\beta$ and retinoic acid than U343MG-A cells or antisense-transfection cells; the antiproliferative activity was related to apoptosis. Conclusion : GRIM-19 may be one of the gene profiles which regulate cell death via apoptosis in human gliomas.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.113-121
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• 1989

한국과학기술원의 설계자동화연구실에서 IBM PC/AT 상에서 동작하도록 제작한 그래픽스 보드 "K"를 구동시키기 위하여 소프트웨어 인터페이스인 CGI-K를 TI사에서 제공한 C언어와 어셈블리 언어를 이용하여 작성하였다. CGI-K를 구성하는 디바이스 드라이버 루틴과 네모, 원, 현 및 호와 같은 그래픽스 프리미티브를 만드는 알고리듬을 제안하였으며, CGI-K는 EGA(enhanced graphics adapter)의 CGI보다 3배에서 10배 정도 빠른 속도를 갖는 것을 보였다. CGI-K를 이용하여 2차원 그래픽스 에디터인 GRIM과 3차원 모델링 프로그램인 IPCHE를 만들었으며, GRIM은 그래픽스 프리미티브를 이용하여 원하는 그림을 그릴 수 있도록 하였으며 IPCHE는 3차원 물체의 데이타를 받아들여 보이지 않는 면을 제거하고 명암과 원근 효과를 갖는 3차원 물체를 화면상에 그려 준다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.205-206
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• 2020

• 셀메드
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.10.1-10.2
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• 2018

The aims of this article is to examine that Daegeum Sanjo Rhythm (DSR) compare with Jinyang-jangdan and Jajinmori-jangdan on music therapy. Daegeum has the largest range of notes in wind instruments through Korean music. Jangdan is the essential element of rhythm in Korean music. Just as human body sound and resonant with their rhyme and meters, jangdan has its own rhythms of physical structures and sequence and repeat. Jinyang-jangdan, which is close to western minor code, expresses heartbreaking grief and great mourning feeling, so it makes one feel the catharsis through that rhythm. Jinyang-jangdan of daegeum music may be slow, but it can be sublimated into grim music for human. So, people overcome the sadness through grim music. On the other hand, jajinmori-jangdan gives charm and gaiety to people and to everything. So, it is exciting that it's often performed in festival and parade. Rhythmical music is a tool to improve the well-being of humanity and increase our life choices. Therefore, music therapy surely needs both influences of daegeum sanjo music regardless of the rhythm. Because, daegeum sanjo music is nature-friendly music of the rhythm.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2015

본 연구는 제주신화 <차사본풀이>를 소재로 하는 문화콘텐츠를 분석하여 변용 양상을 살펴보았다. <차사본풀이>는 저승 여행을 통해 난제를 해결하고 저승사자가 되는 강림의 영웅 서사를 보여주고 있으며, 우리나라의 저승관이 잘 반영되어 있어 원형 서사로서 콘텐츠적 가치를 갖고 있다. <차사본풀이>를 소재로 한 문화콘텐츠들은 '영웅 서사의 충실한 재현'(저승사자가 된 강림도령), '인간화를 통한 서사의 비극적 전환'(집으로 가는 길), '전통과 현대적 요소의 융합을 통한 서사의 확장'(신과 함께), '시대적 트렌드를 반영한 독창적인 세계관'(고스트 메신저)의 특징을 보여주고 있었다. 이러한 분석을 통해 <차사본풀이>의 '저승을 방문한 영웅' 모티프가 다양하게 변형되면서 각 장르의 콘텐츠로 전환되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2009년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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• pp.57-57
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• 2009

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1215-1222
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• 2008

Recent studies indicate that the deposition of ${\beta}$-amyloid ($A{\beta}$) is associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the underlying mechanism is not clear yet. To investigate the effects of Jangwonhwangagambang (JWHG) extract on AD pathogenicity, we have generated transgenic Drosophila model in which GMR-APP-GAL4/UAS-GRIM system was designed to overexpress amyloid precursor protein(APP), We examined fly's survival ratio, flight behavior, and morphological patterns of chest and eye. We found that JWHG treatment improved fly's survival ratio by inhibiting apoptosis and flight behavior. APP-GRIM transgenic flies treated with JWHG showed had significantly lower levels of APP deposition in the chest and eye compared to control animals. JWHG treatment further inhibited chest and eye degeneration. These results suggest that JWHG prevents APP-induced neurotoxicity, and thus may be applicable for the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for AD treatment.