• Atmosphere
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.213-227
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• 2005

The global mean surface temperature has already increased by $0.6{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ over the last century, and warming in Korea is approximately twice as large as the global average. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that the majority of warming over the past 50 years could be attributed to human activities (IPCC, 2001a). In addition, the global surface temperature is expected to increase by 1.4 to $5.8^{\circ}C$ depending on the greenhouse gas emission scenarios during the $21^{st}$ century.Climate change resulting from increased greenhouse gas concentrations has the potential to harm societies and ecosystems. Reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases and their concentration in the atmosphere will reduce the degree and likelihood of significant adverse conditions due to the anticipated climate change. Mitigation policy has generally been the primary focus of public attention and policy efforts on climate change. However, some degree of climate change is inevitable due to the combination of continued increases in emissions and the inertia of the global climate system. Adaptation actions and strategies are needed for a complementary approach to mitigation. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) currently addresses vulnerability and adaptation in the context of climate change negotiations and in future adaptation may be an important element of work under the Kyoto Protocol. There are several on-going programs to develop effective adaptation strategies and their implementation. But in general, many other countries are still on an initiating stage. The climate change science programs of the United States, Japan, England, and Germany are initiated to understand the current status of climate change science and adaptation researches in the developed countries. In this study, we propose the improvement on systems in policy and research aspects to effectively perform the necessary functions for development of nation-wide adaptation measures and their implementation. In policy aspect, the Korean Panel on Climate Change (KPCC) is introduced as a coordinating mechanism between government organizations related with climate change science, impact assessment and adaptation. Also in research aspect, there is a strong consensus on the need for construction of a national network on climate change research as trans-disciplinary research network.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Korean Government announced 'The Roadmap to realize a low carbon green society on year 2020' on July 12, 2011 in order to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Non-energy category of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (FAFF) should mitigate 1,349 kilo $CO_2$-equivalent ($CO_2$-eq.) tonnes which is 7.1% of Business-As-Usual on year 2020. The mitigation from animal manure treatment system (AMTS) comprises ca. 45% of the total mitigated amount of Non-energy category of FAFF. Hence, the precise evaluation of GHG emissions from AMTS is important to find effective mitigation measures. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate GHG emissions from AMTS. The most GHG emitter was a composting/liquid fertilizer/activated sludge system (1,649.45 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year) and the least GHG emitter was a activated liquid fertilizer system (1,024.46 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year). Thermophilic oxic process showed the highest ratio (34.9%) of GHG emissions by the use of electricity to total GHG emissions from systems. Energy efficiency should be considered to mitigate GHG emissions from AMTS.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2021

The suppressive effect of monensin as an ionophore-feed additive on enteric methane (CH4) emission and renewable methanogenesis were evaluated. To clarify the suppressive effect of monensin a respiratory trial with head cage was performed using Holstein-Friesian steers. Steers were offered high concentrate diets (80% concentrate and 20% hay) ad libitum with or without monensin, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) or L-cysteine. Steers that received monensin containing diet had significantly (p < 0.01) lower enteric CH4 emissions as well as those that received GOS containing diet (p < 0.05) compared to steers fed control diets. Thermophilic digesters at 55℃ that received manure from steers fed on monensin diets had a delay in the initial CH4 production. Monensin is a strong inhibitor of enteric methanogenesis, but has a negative impact on biogas energy production at short retention times. Effects of the activity of coprophagous insects on CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from cattle dung pats were assessed in anaerobic in vitro continuous gas quantification system modified to aerobic quantification device. The CH4 emission from dungs with adults of Caccobius jessoensis Harold (dung beetle) and the larvae of the fly Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius) were compared with that from control dung without insect. The cumulative CH4 emission rate from dung with dung insects decreased at 42.2% in dung beetles and 77.8% in fly larvae compared to that from control dung without insects. However, the cumulative N2O emission rate increased 23.4% in dung beetles even though it reduced 88.6% in fly larvae compared to dung without coprophagous insects. It was suggested that the antibacterial efficacy of ionophores supplemented as a growth promoter still continued even in the digested slurry, consequently, possible environmental contamination with the antibiotics might be active to put the negative impact to land ecosystem involved in greenhouse gas mitigation when the digested slurry was applied to the fields as liquid manure.

• Bulletin of the Korea Photovoltaic Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2020

Cameroon is a lower middle-income country with a population of 25.87 million inhabitants distributed over a surface area of 475,442 ㎢. Cameroon has very rich potentials in renewable energy resources such as solar energy, wind energy, small hydropower, geothermal energy and biomass. However, renewable energy constitutes less than 0.1% of energy mix of the country. The energy generation mix of Cameroon is dominated by large hydropower and thermal power. Cameroon ratified the Paris Agreement in July 2016 with an ambitious 20% greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. This study attempts to investigate some renewable energy deployment policy-instruments that could enable the country enhance renewable energy deployment, gain energy independence, fulfill Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and achieve Sustainable Development Goals. It begins with an analysis of the status of energy sector in Cameroon. It further highlights the importance of renewable energy in mitigating climate change by decarbonizing the energy mix of the country to fulfill NDC and SDGs. Moreover, this study proposes some renewable energy deployment policy-solutions to the government. Solar energy is the most feasible renewable energy source in Cameroon. Feed-in Tariffs (FiT), is the best renewable energy support policy for Cameroon. Finally, this study concludes with some recommendations such as the necessity of building an Energy Storage System as well a renewable energy information and statistics infrastructure.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.556-570
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• 2012

The Low Carbon Path Calculator is an excel-based model to project greenhouse gas emissions from 2009 to 2050, which is based on the 2050 Pathways Calculator developed by the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). Scenarios are developed to reduce GHG emissions in Korea at 50% based on 2005 levels by 2050 using a Low Carbon Path Calculator. They were classified in four different cases, which are high renewable, high nuclear, high CCS and mixed option scenarios. The objectives of this study are to compare scenarios in terms of GHG emissions, final energy, primary energy and electricity generation and examine the usefulness of that model in terms of identifying pathways towards a low carbon emission society. This model will enhance the understanding of the pathways toward a low carbon society and the level of the climate change policy for policy makers, stakeholders, and the public. This study can be considered as a reference for developing strategies in reducing GHG emissions in the long term.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.599-605
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• 2013

The effects of water-saving irrigation on the emissions of greenhouse gases and the prokaryotic communities in rice paddy soils were investigated through a field experiment. In the Water-Saving (WS) irrigation, the water layer was kept at 2~3 cm while it was kept at 6 cm in the Continuousiy Flooding (CF) irrigation. A plot was treated with Intermittently Drainage (ID) that is drained as fine cracks on the floor were seen after transplanting. GHGs emission amounts from WS plots were reduced by 78.1% compared to that from CF plot and by 70.7% compared to that from ID plot, meaning that WS could help contribute to mitigation of the greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

Climate change has directly impacted environmentally dependent first industry. The changes of amount and frequency of precipitation have caused unstable drinking water supply for grassland and feed crop, and have changed the variety of grassland and feed crop. Rising temperature has caused heat stress on livestock, which has impacted feed intake and livestock products, and also has threatened to the health of livestock by widening the range of sources of diseases. In order for livestock industry to confront climate change, new technology development for climate change adaptation and measures of greenhouse gas mitigation are essential. Agroforestry is the one of alternative measures to mitigate greenhouse gases and to adapt to climate change. Agroforestry is the way rearing livestock and cultivating plants in forest, which is suitable to Korea where mountain area is over 68%. Feedstock such as maize, soybean, rice, and grass grown by agroforestry would decrease feed cost. Agroforestry will decrease heat stress of livestock during hot weather and will be possible to pasture, which increases livestock welfare.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.48
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• pp.27-56
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• 2010

Pollution emissions from international shipping and port activities have a significant impact on public health and global climate changes. The purpose of this paper is to review the status of pollution mitigation measures implemented to date in port industry and find out some implications for Korean ports. For this aim, the clean air strategies of the world major ports including six USA ports (Los Angeles/Long Beach, Now York/New Jersey, and Seattle and Tacoma), two European ports (Rotterdam and Gothenburg) and Busan Port were considered. Various measures to reduce emission from ports are evaluated by sectors-ocean going vessels, cargo handling equipments, truck and rail-, on the basis of categories such as reduction control technologies, operational changes and market-based measures. The policy implications of this paper are as follows. First, Clean Air Act Plans of Korean ports are required as soon as possible. Second, integrated approach is required to reduce emission effectively. Finally, the effect of port-related emission reduction can be maximized when various measures are conducted on a regional basis including neighboring ports. Furthermore, regional or global-based approach is useful to guarantee the level playing field among ports.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2011

Non-Annex I parties announced the voluntary emission reduction targets including the U.S. in the conference of party. NAMAs would be focused to solve the negotiation clue for the post-kyoto regime. Since the country would not be involved in Annex I parties, the voluntary carbon market would be created for the greenhouse gas reduction targets. According to Bali Roadmap, voluntary carbon market should be constructed by the MRV manners since this country does not belong to Annex I parties. Carbon point system would be proposed by the ways of the international voluntary emission reduction credit. The voluntary carbon market should involve the potential GHG reduction credit and link with the ETS in the country. This study proposed the way of linkage between ETS and voluntary carbon market including the carbon-point system.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.747-784
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• 2014

Many countries have implemented a variety of climate and energy policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and expand renewable energy production. The ultimate goals of those policies are associated with transition to a low-carbon economy that aims to combat climate change and economic growth. This study aims to examine empirically if the countries which implement overlapping climate policies and renewable energy policies show additional reduction of the GHG emissions than the countries which implement single climate or renewable energy policy. The result shows that overlapping policies contribute to reduce additional GHG but not all cases. In particular, only overlapping policies mixing 'ETS and RPS(renewable portfolio standards)' and 'Carbon Tax and FIT(Feed-in Tariff)' can lead to additional reduction of GHG emissions.