• ALGAE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-174
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• 2022

Light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) are a lighting source useful for the precise evaluation of light quality effect on biological systems. Despite the importance of light spectra on the regeneration of land plant protoplasts ("naked cells"), this factor has not been tested yet on protoplasts from multicellular algae. This study reports on the effects of pure primary colors (red, blue, and green), dichromatic (red plus blue, RB, 1 : 2) and white LEDs on protoplast regeneration from male and female Undaria pinnatifida gametophytes. We also evaluated the effect of different light spectra on pigment composition (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and fucoxanthine), and the light intensities under the best condition on the regeneration process. In the early stages, blue or RB LEDs increased the percentage of dividing female protoplasts, whereas red, blue, and RB LEDs enhanced that of dividing male protoplasts. In the later stages, RB LEDs showed a positive effect only on the percentage of multiple rhizoid-like protrusions (male gametophyte). They also increased the final area of both regenerated gametophytes. The LEDs did not affect pigment composition in female gametophytes. In male gametophytes, in contrast, they reduced chlorophyll c, while blue, RB, and green LEDs decreased fucoxanthin. Under RB LEDs, the optimal light intensity was 80 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 for female gametophytes and 40 to 60 µmol photons m^-2 s^-1 for male gametophytes. Our results suggest that dichromatic LED illumination (red-blue) improves regeneration of U. pinnatifida gametophyte-isolated protoplasts. Thus, dichromatic LEDs might a suitable light source for enhancing protoplast regeneration in brown seaweeds.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.27-36
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• 1973

The effect of water activity on degradation of pigments in dried lavers, Porphyra tenera Kjellm. was examined when stored at room temperature for fifty days. Chlorophyll pigment was extracted with methanol-petroleum ether mixture solvent(2:1 v/v), partitioned in ether, and analysed spectrophotometrically at 662 nm as chlorophyll a. The degradation products of chlorophyll were isolated on sugar-starch column(85:15 w/w) with n-propanol-petroleum ether solution(1:200 v/v) as a developing solvent. The isolated green colored zones were analysed individually at the wavelengths of 650, 662, and 667 nm as allomerized product, chlorophyll a retained, and pheophytin formed respectively. Carotenoida were also extracted with the methanol mixture solvent, partitioned in ether, and finally redissolved in acetone after the evaporation of ether in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The total carotenoid content was measured as lutein at 450 nm. From the results, it is noted that the rate of chlorophyll degradation reached a minimum at 0.11 to 0.33 water activity while progressively increased at higher moisture levels resulting in rapid conversion of chlorophyll to pheophytin. At lower activity, autocatalysed oxidizing reaction like allomerization seemed prevailing the acid catalysed conversion reaction. The loss of carotenoid pigment was also greatly reduced at the range of 0.22 to 0.34 water activity with much faster oxidative degradation at both higher and extremely lower moisture levels. These two moisture levels indicated above at which the both pigments exhibited maximum stability are considerably higher than the BET monolayer moisture which appeared 7.91 percent on dry basis at Aw=0.10 calculated from the adsorption isothermal data of the sample at $20^{\circ}C$. The rate of pigment loss in heat treated samples at 60 and $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours prior to storage somewhat decreased, particularly at higher moisture levels although the final pigment retention was not much stabilized.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.16
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• pp.138-153
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• 2015

Wooden standing Bodhisattva in the collection of the National Museum of Korea (Bon 8239) was purchased as part of the museum's Central Asian collection during the Museum of Japanese Goverment General of Korea. The wooden statue exhibiting classical characteristics of Song Dynasty Buddhist sculptures is colored on the whone. The result of condition check for exhibition in 2014, it has severely damaged, with discoloring and exfoliation in color pigment and crack of wood observed in various areas. The object was therefore treated for conservation. A series of analysis were performed also at this time to determine the production technique and the materials, including testing of the X-ray penetration depth, X-ray fluorescence analysis and wood species analysis. This revealed that the statue was made by joining several separate pieces of wood. As for color pigments, the white pigment was either chalk (CaCO₃) or gypsum(CaSO₄·2H₂O), and the green pigment was emerald green (Cu(C₂H₃O₂)₂·3Cu(AsO₂)₂). The red pigment appeared to be lead red(Pb₃O₄) and the blue pigment was ultramarine blue (3Na₂O·3Al₂O₃·6SiO₂·2Na₂S). All the pigments were repainted in later eras. The analysis, indicated that the wood was derived from a tree of the genus Populus, family Salicaceae. The wooden standing Bodhisattva was repaired and reinforced with natural materials and was brought to a stable condition necessary for display.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.495-502
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• 2010

Pure lines were isolated from young gametophytic blades of pigmentation and morphological mutants in Porphyra tenera. Growth, blade-shape and photosynthetic pigment content of pure lines were compared with the wild type. Growth of blade length in the wild type (W, R-B), with round shape and brown color, was fastest at $5{\sim}10^{\circ}C$ and became slower as temperature increased. The blade-shape of the wild type changed from linear to round as temperature increased. The green type (R-G), with round shape and green color, showed slower growth, and the red type (R-R) 'with round shape and red color' showed faster growth than the wild type. The blade-shapes of the green and red types changed from elliptical or linear to round as temperature increased. The phycoerythrin (PE) / phycocyanin (PC) ratio of the green type was markedly lower and the PE/PC ratio of the red type was markedly higher than that of the wild type. The linear type (L-B), with liner shape and brown color, showed faster growth in blade length than the wild type at $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ and maintained its linear shape at $5{\sim}15^{\circ}C$. The content of photosynthetic pigments of the linear type was similar to that of the wild type. Each of the pure lines of pigmentation and morphological mutants that were isolated in the present study showed particular patterns in growth, blade-shape and photosynthetic pigment composition. Therefore, they are expected to be useful as new varieties by themselves and to be available for breeding and biotechnological studies.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.145-160
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• 2018

Members of Chlorociboria are soft-rot ascomycetes that produce blue-green pigment. We investigated the growth characteristics of two Korean species of Chlorociboria, eight strains of Chlorociboria aeruginascens and Chlorociboria poutoensis, under various culture conditions (solid media, temperature, pH) and screened them for extracellular enzyme activity. Although the growth rate was slow, all tested strains of Chlorociboria spp. grew well on potato dextrose agar (PDA; 16.3~42.6 mm after 60 days) or Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), but not on malt extract agar (MEA). Compared with C. aeruginascens strains, C. poutoensis strains exhibited higher expression of blue-green pigments on both PDA and SDA media. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, and mycelial growth was lower at $30^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$. All strains tended to have increased mycelial growth as the incubation temperature increased in the range of 10 to $20^{\circ}C$. The optimal pH of potato dextrose broth (PDB) for mycelial growth varied according to the strain under static culture conditions. Maximum biomass production was obtained at pH 6.0 for NIFoS 579 ($114.3{\pm}5.1mg/60days$), but it maintained a stable pigment expression under a broad pH spectrum. The activities of both cellulase and laccase were observed in all tested strains of Chlorociboria spp. Enzyme activities of NIFoS 579 were remarkably higher than those of the other strains. From these results, we suggest that C. poutoensis NIFoS 579 is a potential candidate for use as a source of natural blue-green dye.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.605-610
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• 2004

This was aim to study the changes of components by different parts and maturity of tomato. Tomato include the green pigment chlorophyll, the yellow pigment-carotene. the red pigment lycopene and the other component. These colors of tomatoes are reported to have important functional roles to promote health in human. The main objective of this study was to define changes in the content of the four tomato maturation that is ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, carotene, lycopene. A ascorbic acid contents of tomato fruits was the highest at 50th day. Chlorophyll contents of tomatoes fruits was the highest at 10th days after flowering. ${\alpha}$-carotene contained low-quantity while all growth period. ${\beta}$-carotene contained the highest at 50th days after flowering, $1036.97{\mu}g$. Lycopene contained the highest at 50th days after flowering, $5800{\mu}g$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.14-20
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• 2015

The content of hazardous heavy metal of materials used in playground facility for children was investigated using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analyses, In order to examine the content of hazardous heavy metals according to the material color, four colors, i.e., green, red, yellow and blue, were categorized on the materials used. The highest lead content is observed in the yellow plastic samples. The yellow samples with relatively high lead content show that the chrome content is also high. This can explained that lead chromate, so-called chromium yellow, is normally used as a main pigment to express the yellow color. Therefore, it is concluded that hazardous heavy metal detected in the materials of playground facility for children is due to the pigments used for coloring. Based on above findings, the relationship between the color of materials used in playground facility for children and the content of hazardous heavy metal is discussed.

• ALGAE
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2002

Seasonal changes of pigment compositionin two intertidal red algae, Gloiopeltis furcata (Postels et Ruprecht) J. Agardh, and Porphyra yezoensis Ueda, were investigated. Chlorophyll α and phycoerythrin levels were high during winter, but decreased in late spring or summer, with accompanying discoloration from deep red to green or yellow. This discoloation corresponded closely to the fluctuationof phycoerythrin content. Nevertheless, photosynthesis capacity was maintained by the increasing water temperature in the field, suggesting that large amounts of phycoerythrin are not necessary for photosynthesis. Phycoerythrin conten correlated significantly with nitrogen content in both species when the nitrogen level was greater than the level of critical content (1.30% DW in G. furcata, and 2.26% DW in P. yezoensis), indicating that phycoerythrin plays a more important role in the nitrogen status as a nitrogen pool than that of nitrogen critical content. Furthermore, the dependence level of the alage on phycoerythrin as a nitrogen pool was greater in P. yezoensis than in G. furcata because of the remarkable increase of phycoerythrin content in P. yezoensis with increasing jnitrogen content.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.36-43
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate the fungicidal, anti-sapstain and termiticidal efficacy of commercial Dan-Chung which are currently being used for painting to decorate and to provide durability with structures of temples. Two binders (Polysol and Gelatine), and eleven pigments (Iron Oxide Red, Lead Red, Toluidine Red, Chrome Yellow, Titanium Dioxide, Ultramarine Blue, Chrome Oxide Green, Permanent Black, Cyanine Green and Ho-bun(Chalk)) were applied for the evaluation. The fungicidal and anti-sapstain activity of each pigment were depended on the types of binders. When the Polysol was used as a binder, the fungicidal efficacy of Toluidine Red treated specimen was close to the standard value (above 80) with grater than 70 against to two wood decay fungi (T. palustris and T. versicolor). The anti-sapstain efficacy of Lead Red treated specimens was excellent against to three sapstain fungi (P. funiculosum, T. viride and R. nigricans), and that of Ultramarine Blue treated specimens was also excellent to T. viride. The other pigments had little efficacy to these micro-organisms. Although there were some different trends of the effectiveness depending on the types of binders, the anti-termite effectiveness of Chrome Oxide Green and Chrome Yellow was outstanding to termite tests.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.28
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• pp.121-147
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• 2007

A large variety of mineral pigments has been used for Korean paintings and it has known that organic pigments have been used together on the Buddhist painting and the portrait. Haehakbando-do, which is from Honolulu Academy Museum in the United States, 12-fold screen was commissioned by Court of the late Joseon Dynasty in order to pray for the King's longevity. Therefore, it seems that all material used including pigments were selected very carefully and a great deal of technical effort was gone into its process. The purposes of this research were to estimate the pigments and the contributory elements of each color used on Haehakbando-do, in accordance with the conservation treatment carried out by Gochang Conservation Institute throughout last year. Without extracting sample, property of pigment was measured by nondestructive method, X-ray spectral analysis, and by comparing with the data about ancient pigments. In spite of the limited range of pigment analysis by nondestructive method, it should be noted that this method would not cause damage to the cultural properites. White pigment was found in all colored parts except the background, so it can be suggested that white color was used as a grounding of other color pigments. This would be flake white[$2PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$] as Pb was found. Pb was the only element could be found in yellow, however, it can be organic pigment like Gamboge as same as background. Red would be Cinnabar (HgS) as hydrargyrum (Hg) was detected. For the light purple in cloud, organic pigments were probably used since any element is not detected except for Pb, which is used for background. It is possible that green color is the mixture of Malachite[$CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$] and Azurite [$2CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$], which share Cu as their main element. Azurite[$2CuCO_3{\cdot}Cu(OH)_2$] was used for bluish pigments. Black is carbon compound. For gold, solid gold (Au) was detected. It shows that gold was gilded on the flake white background. Red painted on the frame of screen was identified as Cinnabar (HgS) and the gold pattern was solid gold (Au). The supporting leg of folding screen was made of brass because both copper and zinc were detected. In conclusion, white pigment was used as grounding of all colors of Haehakbando-do, and specific pigments were used for each color. Additionally, result from the analysis of several pigments shows that mineral pigment and organic pigment, or different mineral pigments were mixed to make various colors.