• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.390-399
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to introduce PAT (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, non-selective herbicide bialaphos resistant gene) gene into potato (Solanum tuberosum. cv. Desiree). Optimal shoot regeneration from leaf discs and stem segments was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L BA, and the frequency of shoot regeneration was 54% in left discs and 46% in stem segments. In this condition, leaf discs and stem segments of potato were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens MP90 which contained binary vector with GUS: :NPTII gene and PAT gene. Transgenic shoots were regenerated from leaf and stem-derived calli on selection medium with 100mg/L kanamycin. The 100${\mu}M$ acetosyringone treatment during the co-cultivation highly enhanced(4 times than the control) the shoot regeneration on selection medium. When the putative transgenic plants were transferred to medium with 10mg/L basta, all of them were survived. After PCR. GUS test, and Southern blot analysis of the survived plant, we confirmed that the gene was stably integrated into the potato genome and expressed. After the transgenic plants were transplanted in soil, and the transgenic plants were sprayed with the herbicide basta (300ml/10a), the transgenic plants remained green but control plants were died.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

Crude saponin, extracted from the starfish Asterias amurensis, was assessed for its capacity as a biological pesticide. As part of this analysis, its insecticidal and repellent activities, in addition to its acute and chronic toxicities were tested. In comparison with the control group, insecticidal activity of saponin against tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura, in kale, Brassica loeracea was low at 36.4%. Repellent activities of the extracted saponin against green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and S. litura, on soybean leaf, Glycine max and kale were 65.6% and 35.0% at $1^{st}$ day, and 54.5% and 30.0% at $3^{rd}$ day, respectively. Acute and chronic toxicity analysis was carried out using acute immobilizatioin test and reproduction impairment test, respectively. The saponin had 48 h-$EC_{50}$ of $65.21{\mu}g/mL$. Twenty-one day accumulative reproduction after treatment was lower in Daphnia magna at $7{\mu}g/mL$ saponin (78 youngs), compared with the control group (129 youngs). These results indicate that the extracted saponin exhibited some toxicity and has potential as a repellent against insects.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.660-672
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• 2022

The target of rapamycin complex (TORC) plays a key role in plant cell growth and survival by regulating the gene expression and metabolism according to environmental information. TORC activates transcription, mRNA translation, and anabolic processes under favorable conditions, thereby promoting plant growth and development. Tomato fruit ripening is a complex developmental process promoted by ethylene and specific transcription factors. TORC is known to modulate leaf senescence in tomato. In this study, we investigated the function of TORC in tomato fruit ripening using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the TORC genes, TOR, lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (LST8), and regulatory-associated protein of TOR (RAPTOR). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression levels of tomato TORC genes were the highest in the orange stage during fruit development in Micro-Tom tomato. VIGS of these TORC genes using stage 2 tomato accelerated fruit ripening with premature orange/red coloring and decreased fruit growth, when control tobacco rattle virus 2 (TRV2)-myc fruits reached the mature green stage. TORC-deficient fruits showed early accumulation of carotenoid lycopene and reduced cellulose deposition in pericarp cell walls. The early ripening fruits had higher levels of transcripts related to fruit ripening transcription factors, ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid synthesis, and cell wall modification. Finally, the early ripening phenotype in Micro-Tom tomato was reproduced in the commercial cultivar Moneymaker tomato by VIGS of the TORC genes. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TORC plays an important role in tomato fruit ripening by modulating the transcription of various ripening-related genes.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.277-289
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• 2012

The total number of requests and associated specimens for the diagnosis of virus infection were 573 and 2,992, respectively, on crops from agricultural places of farmers, Agricultural extension services and so forth for 5 years from 2007. The total number of virus tests was 13,325. The number of species of viruses infected on the submitted crops was 21 in 2007, 15 in 2008, 23 in 2009, 21 in 2010 and 17 in 2011. The newly recorded viruses were Tobacco leaf curl virus (TbLCV) in 2007, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in 2008, Impatience necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Radish mosaic virus (RaMV) in 2009, and Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) in 2010. Forty virus species including Alfalfa mosaic virus were detected over 5 years. The ten most frequently detected virus species were Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Tomato leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV). The types of crops submitted from agricultural places were 51 in total and the ten most frequently submitted crops were red pepper, tomato, paprika, watermelon, melon, rice, cucumber, corn, radish and gourd. The total request rate for the top 10 crops and top 20 crops was 81.6% and 94.2%, respectively. Eight pepper infecting virus species included CMV, and the average infection rate was 24.6% for CMV, 18.9% for PMMoV and 14.7% for TSWV. Seven kinds of double infection were detected in pepper including BBWV2+CMV at 14.7% on average, and four types of triple infection including BBWV2+CMV+PepMoV at 0.9% on average. Six virus species detected on tomato including TYLCV, and the average infection rate was 50.6% for TYLCV, 14.5% for TSWV and 10.9% for Tobacco leaf curl virus (TbLCV). The mixed infection of CMV+TSWV on tomato was 3.9% on average and of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)+TYLCV was 0.4% on average. Five viruses detected on watermelon included MNSV and the average infection rate was 37.0% for MNSV, 20.4% for CGMMV, 18.1% for ZYMV and 17.8% for WMV. The mixed infection rate on watermelon was CMV+MNSV and WMV+ZYMV having an average infection rate of 0.7% and 5.0%, respectively. The average infection rates on melon were 77.6% for MNSV, 5.6% for CMV and 3.3% for WMV. Mixed infections of CMV+MNSV occurred on melon with an average infection rate of 13.5%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.223-230
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• 1986

A series of experiments were carried out to evaluate the differences in susceptibility of the 13-aphidicidial insecticides in the green peach aphids(Myzus persicae) collected from 13 different localities. The aphids were reared and increased on the potted tobacco plants in the laboratory. The susceptibility to insecticides was compared at the $LC_{50}$ levels with the resistant ratio by a leaf-dip method with a laboratory strain reared for 2 years in the laboratory without exposure to insecticides. The susceptibility to the insecticides was greatly varied with the local strains. The local strains demonstrated relatively high resistance to the insecticides over the laboratory strain at the $LC_{50}$ level; in resistant fold, 2.3 to 519.0 to cypermenthrin, 2.3 to 494.5 to decamethrin, 2.8 to 442.4 to fenvalerate, 2.5 to 170.6 to formothion, 1.5 to 494.5 to decamethrin, 2.8 to 442.4 to fenvalerate, 2.5 to 170.6 to formothion, 1.5 to 231.8 to phosphamidon, 3.1 to 42.1 to monocrotophos, 1.0 to 30.9 to phenthoate+dimethoate, 1.8 to 21.0 to heptanophos, 2.1 to 24.8 to oxydemeton-methyl, 1.0 to 24.9 to thiometon, 1.6 to 4.7 acephate, 0.8 to 4.1 to pirimicarb.