• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.40-47
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• 2008

The importance for energy consumptions has being emphasized because of problems of the energy and environment. Especially, education buildings among public buildings which have being emphasized the application of environment-friendly elements because of large energy consumptions. Accordingly, this study established parameters of green walls and green roofs which have ecological effects and energy savings. And then this study analyzed indoor thermal environments and energy consumptions due to green walls and green roofs through the energy simulation(Visual DOE 4.0) and the actual measurement.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.73 no.5
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• pp.529-542
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• 2020

As limited well-documented experimental data are available for assessing the attributes of different deformation components of flanged walls, few appropriate models have been established for predicting the inelastic responses of flanged walls, especially those of asymmetrical flanged walls. This study presents the experimental results for three large-scale T-shaped reinforced concrete walls and examines the variations in the flexural, shear, and sliding components of deformation with the total deformation over the entire loading process. Based on the observed deformation behavior, a simple model based on moment-curvature analysis is established to estimate flexural deformations, in which the changes in plastic hinge length are considered and the deformations due to strain penetration are modeled individually. Based on the similar gross shapes of the curvature and shear strain distributions over the wall height, a proportional relationship is established between shear displacement and flexural rotation. By integrating the deformations due to flexure, shear, and strain penetration, a new load-deformation analytical model is proposed for flexure-dominant flanged walls. The proposed model provides engineers with a simple, accurate modeling tool appropriate for routine design work that can be applied to flexural walls with arbitrary sections and is capable of determining displacements at any position over the wall height. By further simplifying the analytical model, a simple procedure for estimating the ultimate displacement capacity of flanged walls is proposed, which will be valuable for performance-based seismic designs and seismic capacity evaluations.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.33-42
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the design trend of the vertical garden design in the indoor space through the examples of green wall in the lobby space. For the analysis, this study looks into the 'Guide for the Building Greening System' to understand the technical consideration for the green wall. After that, the key design elements was drawn from existing green walls through the literature review and field survey and field-survey. The study picked six green walls which was completed after 2000 in the lobby space in Seoul. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, the design factors mainly depend on the plant selection, which leads to the outlook and texture of the vertical walls. The texture is expressed by the two-dimensional or three-dimensional planting methods which is related to the selection of plant species. Second, the vertical walls in the lobby area should be planned for the function of space which could be transition, human traffic, mood and attraction. Third, the vertical wall should be integrated with the surroundings in order to reinforces the dynamic or static space experience.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.814-819
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• 2005

There is growing consciousness of the environmental performance of buildings in Hong Kong. The Buildings Department, the Lands Department and the Planning Department of the Hong Kong Government issued the first of a series of joint practice notes [1] to promote the construction of green and innovative buildings. Green features are architectural features used to mitigate migration of noise and various air-borne pollutants and to moderate the transport of heat, air and transmission of daylight from outside to indoor environment in an advantageous way. This joint practice note sets out the incentives to encourage the industry in Hong Kong to incorporate the use of green features in building development. The use of green features in building design not only improves the environmental quality, but also reduces the consumption of non-renewable energy used in active control of indoor environment. Larger window openings in the walls of a building may provide better natural ventilation. However, it also increases the penetration of direct solar radiation into indoor environment. The use of wing wall, one of the green features, is an alternative to create effective natural ventilation. This paper therefore presents a preliminary numerical study of its ventilation performance using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The numerical results will be compared with the results of the wind tunnel experiments of Givoni.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2 s.109
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• pp.32-47
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate and propose a green-wall system with evergreen plants for urban greening of Tongyeong City. To achieve these goals, the requirements and possibilities for wall greening were investigated and evaluated considering the location, topography, and climate of Tongyeong City. Existing walls were analyzed and then a suitable green wall system is proposed. Tongyeong City and its 151 islands covers the central and the southern parts of the Goseong peninsula. Most of the land is covered with hills and mountains; $43.9\%$ of the land area has a slope greater than $15\%$ and most hills and mountains near the urban area have a slope of more than $30\%$. As a result of the topographical properties, concrete retaining walls can often be seen along the streets in urbanized areas. These retaining walls are not only unattractive, but they also create environmental problems, and thus should be replaced with native evergreen plants. Options for replacing the retaining walls include evergreen vine-plants such as Hedaa spp. and Euonymus radicans, but native evergreen shrubs such as Pittosporum tobira, Nandina domestica, Raphiolepis umbellata, Ilex cornuta, flex crenata, Fatsia japonic, and Aucuba japonica may be a more attractive option. Current wall conditions are unsuitable for planting vines, therefore, a reservoir-drainage-type plant box filled with a light artificial substrate is required for greening these concrete retaining walls. These might be irrigated in the dry season and fertilized annually by an appropriate system. These plant boxes could be attached along the entire walls. An experiment investigating effects of substrates and bark-chip mulching on the growth of Hedera spp. showed that the mixture of cerasoil and field soil(v/v, 4:6) was superior to field soil alone and to the mixture of perlite small grain, large grain, and field soil(v/v/v, 2:2:6). Bark-chip mulching tended to increase the growth of Hedera spp..

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.62-72
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• 2015

The objective of this research is to investigate the different aspects in which users positively identify with indoor green walls and the influences that it has on usage behaviors. Under the hypothesis that public space users prefer locations with green walls, the effect on their behavior was observed. After installing indoor green walls, behavioral observations and questionnaires were carried out to analyze green wall preferences. The observation experiment was carried out for a total of 8 days in order to see what influences the preferences for of indoor green walls had on usage behaviors and compare a control group with an experimental group that experienced a green wall. The usage time data were put into an SPSS statistics program and used to run an independent sample t-test. The questionnaire was carried out for two days from March 1st to 2nd 2014 after the observation was completed, and was done by 224 users of the two areas. The results from the experiment are as follows. First, comparisons between the total usage time of seats adjoined to partitions in both the green walled area and the partitioned area showed that there was no preference for indoor green walls. Second, the results appeared to show a higher percentage of women users in the green walled area, compared to the original partitioned area. Third, it showed that partitions and plants did not have any influence on seat choices. Fourth, the questionnaire showed preferences for indoor green walls. Out of the 94 people who sat in the partitioned area, 11.7% answered that they wanted to sit in the green walled area, they couldn't due to the lack of available seats. Furthermore, out of the 130 people who sat in the green walled area, 24.6% said they chose the seat because of their preference for the green wall. Although 64.3% of users of the two areas said that they would choose the green walled area if under the same circumstances, the behavior observation did not reflect this.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.319-326
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• 2012

Han-green building is one of the modernized Korean traditional buildings developed by Korea Forest Research Institute. This building was developed to increase the competitiveness of Korean traditional building using state-of-art technologies; hence Han-green building has the inherent characteristics of traditional building such as exposed wood frame in wall. Because of discontinuity in wall by the exposed wood frame, there is a concern on heat-air leaking in terms of energy performance. In this study, air-tightness of Han-green building was evaluated to investigate the influence of gaps between frames and in-fill walls. Blower door test was carried out to evaluate the air-tightness, and air-change rate (ACH50) was evaluated by averaging four set of pressurization and depressurization test. The air-change rate of Han-green house was 5.91 $h^{-1}$. To improve energy performance of Han-green house, thermal infrared images of Han-green house were taken in winter with heating to find out where the heat loss occurred. It was found that the building lost more heat through gaps between frames and in-fill walls rather than through other parts of this building. After covering all the gaps by taping, the blower door test was performed again, and the air-change rate was improved to 5.25 $h^{-1}$. From this analysis, it was concluded that the heated air can leak through the gaps between frames and walls. Therefore, when one designs the post and beam building with exposed frame, the detail design between frame and wall needs to be carefully dealt. However, Han-green building showed relatively high air-tightness comparing with other country research results.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2021

Background and objective: To improve air quality, particulate matter (PM) can be reduced using green infrastructure. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the particulate matter reduction potential of climbing plants used for green walls, an element of vertical green infrastructure. Methods: A sealed chamber with controlled environmental variables was used to assess the PM reduction level caused by climbing plants. PM concentration in the plant chamber was measured after two and four hours of PM exposure, and the reduction potential was assessed based on the leaf area. Results: Compared to the empty chamber (Control), the PM reduction speed per hour was higher in the plant chamber, which confirmed that climbing plants contribute to the reduction of PM in the air. The PM reduction speed immediately after exposure in the plant chamber was high, but this slowed over time. Additionally, PM has been continuously reduced in plants with large leaves. As a result of calculating the particulate matter reduction level based on leaf area, it was found that there was a difference by particle size. Actinidia arguta, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Trachelospermum asiaticum, and Euonymus fortunei var. radicans showed a high reduction effect. The trichomes on the leaf surface of Trachelospermum asiaticum were found to affect PM reduction. Conclusion: PM adsorption on the leaf surface is an important factor in reducing its concentration. It was possible to compare different plants by quantifying the amount of PM reduction during a fixed time period. These results can be used as the basic data to select the plant species suitable for urban green walls in terms of PM reduction.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.62-70
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• 2005

This paper presents the results of a study carried out on the diversity of the living microorganisms colonizing the inside of Gyeongjuseokbinggo(Treasures 66) and their effect on the substrate. The inner walls and the arch were first examined with the unaided eye. Green thick mats of algae and microorganisms covered the great part of the walls. For the laboratory research this green biogenic layer and the next soil layer were collected by scraping the walls and the arch under aseptic conditions. The material was then cultured in laboratory. In result, many different species of bacteria, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria and actinomycetes were isolated from the samples.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a prominent in-situ remedial option for cleanup of contaminated groundwater and has been gaining increasing popularity in recent years. Funnel-and-gate systems, comprised of two side wings of impermeable walls and a central gate wall, are frequently implemented in many sites, but often suffers from bypassing of groundwater due to the progressive clogging of the gate wall over extended period of time. This study investigated technical feasibility of a hybrid funnel-and-gate system designed to address the flow deterioration in the gate wall. The key attribute of the proposed hybrid system is the operation of drainage units at the barrier walls and rear end of the gate wall. A conceptual modeling with MODFLOW indicated the groundwater inside the barrier was maintained at appropriate level to be guided toward the gate wall, yielding constant discharging of groundwater from the gate.